R & D Strategy and Organisation

(Imperial College Press) Deals with key issues and compromises in research and development strategy and organization, treating the topics presented from the point of view of the manager or decision maker, and the organization. Primarily a review of research topics for researchers, scholars and PhD students.

Preface

Introduction

Key Concepts and Definitions

1

(3)

Technological Innovation

4

(8)

The Characteristics of Technological Innovation and Innovation Activities within Firms

4

(2)

Models of the Technological Innovation Process

6

(6)

The Role of R&D within the Process of Technological Innovation

12

(3)

Implications on R&D Strategy and Organisation

15

(6)

References and Further Readings

17

(4)

PART I R&D STRATEGY

Approaches to Technology Strategy

The Positioning Approach to Strategy

21

(18)

Porter's Framework

21

(7)

Hax and Majluf's Contribution to Technology Strategy

28

(3)

Practitioners' Contributions

31

(1)

A.D. Little Methodology

32

(2)

Booz-Allen & Hamilton Methodology

34

(2)

McKinsey Methodology

36

(3)

The Resource Based Approach to Strategy

39

(10)

Prahalad and Hamel's Core Competence

39

(4)

D'Aveni Hypercompetition

43

(2)

Itami and Numagami's Review on the Interaction between Technology and Strategy

45

(2)

Technology Strategy in Dynamic Competition: Key Principles

47

(2)

About Rationalist and Incrementalist Approaches to Strategy

49

(7)

References and Further Readings

50

(6)

Formulating Technology Strategy in Dynamic Contexts

Context Foresight

56

(7)

Technology Strategy Decisions

63

(18)

Technology Selection

63

(1)

Relevance

64

(1)

Risk

65

(1)

Appropriability

66

(2)

Interdependencies

68

(1)

Option Creation

69

(1)

Timing of Technology Development and Introduction

69

(5)

Technology Acquisition Mode

74

(1)

Acquisition of Technology from External Sources (Make vs. Buy vs. Cooperate)

75

(2)

Acquisition of Resources for Technology Introduction (Make vs. Sell vs. Cooperate)

77

(1)

Formulating the Firm's Technology Strategy: the Output

78

(3)

Types of Technology Strategies

81

(32)

Appendix - Case Study

87

(20)

References and Further Readings

107

(6)

R&D Project Portfolio Definition

Fixing the R&D Budget

113

(2)

R&D Project Definition

115

(3)

R&D Project Evaluation

118

(19)

R&D Project Evaluation Techniques

120

(1)

DCF Techniques

121

(4)

Option Based Techniques

125

(3)

Non-Financial Methods

128

(8)

Range of Application of Financial and Non-Financial Techniques

136

(1)

R&D Project Selection

137

(3)

R&D Project Portfolio Analysis

140

(9)

References and Further Readings

145

(4)

PART II R&D ORGANISATION

The Organisational Structure

The Structure of R&D Units

149

(13)

Input-Oriented Organisation

150

(1)

Organisation by Scientific Discipline or Technical Area

150

(3)

Organisation by Type of Activity

153

(1)

Output-Oriented Organisation

154

(1)

Organisation by Product Line

154

(1)

Organisation by Project

155

(2)

Matrix Organisation

157

(5)

The Balance between Centralisation and Decentralisation

162

(11)

The Role of Corporate and Divisional R&D: Types of Structures

165

(6)

Integrating Corporate and Divisional R&D

171

(2)

The Separation between R and D

173

(20)

The Case of the Pharmaceutical Industry

175

(2)

R&D Organisations in the Pharmaceutical Industry

177

(4)

Factors behind the Separation between R and D

181

(4)

Managerial Implications of the Separation between R and D.

185

(3)

References and Further Readings

188

(5)

The Geographical Dispersion of R&D Activities

Determinants of Geographical Centralisation and Decentralisation

193

(4)

Types of Foreign R&D Units

197

(3)

Establishment of Foreign R&D Units

200

(2)

Localisation of Foreign R&D Units

202

(1)

International R&D Structures

203

(21)

Development Structures

206

(13)

Research Structures

219

(5)

An Interpretation of the Internationalisation of R&D

224

(11)

External Sources of Knowledge

225

(2)

Internal R&D Resources

227

(4)

References and Further Readings

231

(4)

The Organisation Of The External Acquisition Of Technology

Raffaella Manzini

Introduction

235

(3)

Organisational Forms for External Technology Acquisition

238

(7)

Acquisition

239

(1)

Joint Venture

240

(2)

Outsourcing

242

(1)

Alliance

243

(2)

Managerial and Organisational Implications of the Forms of External Technology Acquisition

245

(7)

Acquisition

247

(1)

Joint Venture

248

(1)

Outsourcing

249

(1)

Alliance

250

(2)

Factors Affecting Decisions about the Organisation of External Technology Acquisition

252

(8)

The Objective of the R&D Collaboration

252

(1)

The Content of the R&D Work

253

(4)

The Typology of Partners Involved

257

(3)

The Process of Selection of the Organisation for External Technology Acquisition

260

(3)

Appendix 1 - Case Studies

263

(3)

Appendix 2 - The Empirical Basis

266

(4)

References and Further Readings

270

(4)

Index

274

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R & D Strategy and Organisation

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Table of Contents

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