Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the USA

Helps students understand and analyze race and ethnic issues

Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the USA applies contemporary theories to race and ethnic relations. The text explores issues inherent in race and ethnicity and then applies these issues to the four largest minority ethnic groups in the U.S. This foundation will enable readers to discuss how diversity will change in the future.

MySocLab is an integral part of the Schaefer program. Engaging activities and assessments provide a teaching and learning system that helps students discover sociology in their lives. With MySocLab, students can watch videos on sociological core concepts, explore real-world sociology through the new Social Explorer, and develop critical thinking skills through writing.

Features xiii

Preface xv

About the Author xxi

1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity in the United States 1

Highlights 2

Ranking Groups 4

Types of Groups 5

Racial Groups 5

Ethnic Groups 7

Religious Groups 7

Speaking Out: Problem of the Color Line, by W. E. B. Du Bois 8

Gender Groups 8

Other Subordinate Groups 9

Does Race Matter? 9

Biological Meaning 9

Absence of Pure Races 9

Intelligence Tests 10

Social Construction of Race 11

Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I? 12

Research Focus: Multiracial Identity 13

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity 14

Stratification by Class and Gender 15

Theoretical Perspectives 15

Functionalist Perspective 15

Conflict Perspective 16

Labeling Theory 17

The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status 19

Migration 19

Annexation 19

Colonialism 20

The Consequences of Subordinate-Group Status 21

Extermination 21

Expulsion 22

Secession 22

Segregation 23

Fusion 25

Assimilation 26

The Pluralist Perspective 27

Resistance and Change 28

2 Prejudice 33

Highlights 34

Prejudice and Discrimination 35

Merton’s Typology 36

LaPiere’s Study 36

Research Focus: Islamophobia 38

White Privilege 39

Theories of Prejudice 40

Scapegoating Theory 40

Authoritarian Personality Theory 40

Exploitation Theory 41

Normative Approach 41

Stereotypes 42

What Are Stereotypes? 42

Speaking Out: National Media Should Stop Using Obscene Words, by Tim Giago 43

Stereotyping in Action: Racial Profiling 44

Color-Blind Racism 45

The Mood of the Oppressed 46

Intergroup Hostility 48

Reducing Prejudice 51

Education 52

Mass Media 52

Avoidance versus Friendship 54

The Social Distance Scale 54

Equal Status Contact 54

Avoidance Via the Internet 55

Corporate Response: Diversity Training 56

3 Discrimination 62

Understanding Discrimination 64

Hate Crimes 65

What Are Hate Crimes? 65

Why Do Hate Crimes Carry Harsher Penalties? 66

Institutional Discrimination 67

Discrimination Today 68

Discrimination Hits the Wallet 68

Eliminating Discrimination 71

Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy 73

Research Focus: The Unequal Wealth Distribution 74

Environmental Justice 75

Affirmative Action 76

Affirmative Action Explained 77

The Legal Debate 77

Speaking Out: The Enduring Relevance of Affirmative Action, by Randall Kennedy 79

Reverse Discrimination 80

The Glass Ceiling 81

4 Immigration and Ethnicity 87

Patterns of Immigration to the United States 88

Today’s Foreign-Born Population 89

Early Immigration 91

The Anti-Chinese Movement 91

Restrictionist Sentiment Increases 93

The National Origin System 93

Speaking Out: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, by Judy Chu 94

The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act 96

Contemporary Social Concerns 97

The Brain Drain 97

Population Growth 98

Mixed-Status Families 99

Language Barriers 99

Illegal Immigration 102

Refugees 105

Ethnic Diversity 106

Studying Whiteness 106

Rediscovering Ethnicity 108

The Third-Generation Principle 108

Ethnic Paradox 109

Symbolic Ethnicity 109

Religious Pluralism 110

Research Focus: Blended Identity and Self-Identifying as “Muslim American”  and “Arab American” 111

5 Native Americans 119

Early European Contacts 121

Treaties and Warfare 122

The Allotment Act 123

The Reorganization Act 124

Reservation Life and Federal Policies 125

Legal Claims 126

The Termination Act 127

Employment Assistance Program 127

Collective Action 128

Protest Efforts 129

Collective Action: An Overview 130

American Indian Identity 131

Sovereignty 131

Individual Identity 132

Native Americans Today 132

Speaking Out: Powwows and Karaoke, by Chris Eyre 133

Economic Development 134

Tourism 135

Casino Gambling 135

Education 137

Research Focus: Learning the Navajo Way 138

Healthcare 139

Religious and Spiritual Expression 140

Environment 141

6 African Americans 145

Slavery 147

Slave Codes 147

The Attack on Slavery 148

Slavery’s Aftermath 149

Reflecting on Slavery Today 150

The Challenge of Black Leadership 151

The Politics of Accommodation 151

The Niagara Movement 152

Reemergence of Black Protest 153

The Civil Rights Movement 155

Struggle to Desegregate the Schools 155

Civil Disobedience 156

Urban Violence and Oppression 158

Black Power 159

Education 160

School Segregation 161

Higher Education 162

The Economic Picture 163

The Middle Class 163

Research Focus: Moving on Up, or Not 164

Employment 165

Family Life 166

Challenges to Family Stability 166

Strengths of African American Families 167

Housing 168

Criminal Justice 169

Speaking Out: The New Jim Crow,  by Michelle Alexander 171

Healthcare 172

Politics 173

7 Latinos 178

Latino Identity 180

The Economic Picture 181

The Political Presence 182

Religion 183

Mexican Americans 184

The Immigrant Experience 186

Family Life 188

Research Focus: The Latino Family Circle: Familism 188

Puerto Ricans 189

The Bridge Between the Island and the Mainland 190

The Island of Puerto Rico 191

Issues of Statehood and Self-Rule 192

Speaking Out: Puerto Ricans Cannot Be Silenced, by Luis Gutierrez 193

The Social Construction of Race 194

The Island Economy 194

Cuban Americans 195

Immigration 195

The Current Picture 196

Central and South Americans 198

Immigration 198

The Current Picture 199

8 Asian Americans 203

Diversity among Asian Americans 205

Political Activity and Pan-Asian Identity 207

Chinese Americans 208

Early Settlement Patterns 208

Occupational Profile of Chinese Americans 209

Chinatowns Today 210

Organizational Life 210

Social Problems 211

Family Life 212

Asian Indians 213

Immigration 213

The Current Picture 214

Filipino Americans 214

Immigration Patterns 214

Research Focus: Arranged Marriages in America 215

The Current Picture 216

Korean Americans 217

Historical Background 217

The Current Picture 218

Japanese Americans 220

Early Japanese Immigration 220

The Wartime Evacuation 221

Executive Order 9066 221

The Camps 222

The Evacuation: What Does It Mean? 224

The Economic Picture 225

Family Life 226

Southeast Asian Americans 227

The Refugees 227

The Current Picture 228

Case Study: A Hmong Community 229

Hawai’i and Its People 230

Historical Background 230

The Current Picture 231

Speaking Out: Recognizing Native Hawaiians, by Daniel Akaka 232

9 Diversity: Today and Tomorrow 237

Speaking Out: That Latino “Wave” Is Very Much American, by Galina Espinoza 240

Has The Post-Racialism Era Arrived? 240

The Glass Half Empty 241

Is There a Model Minority? 243

Acting White, Acting Black, or Neither 245

Persistence of Inequality 245

Research Focus: Challenge to Pluralism: The Shark’s Fin 247

Talking Past One Another 248

Glossary 255

References 259

Photo Credits 000

Index 275

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