Reactive Polymers Fundamentals and Applications

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ISBN: 9780815515159 | 0815515154
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/31/2005

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Loaded with practical knowledge, Reactive Polymers Fundamentals and Applications: A Concise Guide to Industrial Polymers comprehensively presents the state-of-art of methods and materials for the formulation of polymeric resins. It is an indispensable tool for chemists, engineers, and manufacturers who use, formulate, and cure raw materials into final products. The text focuses on the chemical modification of properties during the final stage of part fabrication from plastics. Newer applications range from the small scale, such as dental fillings, to industrial processes for batch fabrication. The book covers resin groups in major use in industry and under active research and development.

1 Unsaturated Polyester Resins

(68)

1.1 History

(1)

1.2 Monomers

(15)

1.2.1 Monomers for the Unsaturated Polyester (UP)

(6)

1.2.2 Vinyl Monomers

(2)

1.2.3 Specialities

(3)

1.2.4 Synthesis

(2)

1.2.5 Manufacture

(2)

1.3 Special Additives

(17)

1.3.1 Inhibitors

(1)

1.3.2 Thickeners

(1)

1.3.3 Emission Suppressants

(1)

1.3.4 Fillers

(4)

1.3.5 Reinforcing Materials

(2)

1.3.6 Mold Release Agents

(1)

1.3.7 Low-profile Additives

(2)

1.3.8 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

(2)

1.3.9 Polyurethane Hybrid Networks

(1)

1.3.10 Flame Retardants

(3)

1.3.11 Production Data

(1)

1.4 Curing

(10)

1.4.1 Initiator Systems

(2)

1.4.2 Promoters

(3)

1.4.3 Initiator Promoter Systems

(1)

1.4.4 Polymerization

(4)

1.5 Properties

(2)

1.5.1 Structure Properties Relationships

(1)

1.5.2 Hydrolytic Stability

(1)

1.5.3 Recycling

(1)

1.6 Applications and Uses

(3)

1.6.1 Decorative Specimens

(1)

1.6.2 Polyester Concrete

(1)

1.6.3 Reinforced Materials

(1)

1.6.4 Coatings

(1)

1.7 Special Formulations

(4)

1.7.1 Electrically Conductive Resins

(1)

1.7.2 Fluoro Copolymers

(1)

1.7.3 Toner Compositions

(1)

1.7.4 Pour Point Depressants

(1)

1.7.5 Biodegradable Polyesters

(1)

1.7.6 Bone Cement

(1)

1.7.7 Compatibilizers

(1)

1.7.8 Reactive Melt Modification of Poly(propylene)

(1)

References

(16)

2 Polyurethanes

(70)

2.1 History

(1)

2.2 Monomers

(39)

2.2.1 Diisocyanates

(14)

2.2.2 Polyols

(6)

2.2.3 Other Polyols

(1)

2.2.4 Polyamines

(1)

2.2.5 Chain Extenders

(1)

2.2.6 Catalysts

(2)

2.2.7 Blowing

(15)

2.3 Special Additives

109

(5)

2.3.1 Fillers

109

(1)

2.3.2 Reinforcing Materials

110

(1)

2.3.3 Flame Retardants

111

(2)

2.3.4 Production Data

113

(1)

2.4 Curing

114

(1)

2.4.1 Recycling

114

(1)

2.5 Properties

115

(1)

2.5.1 Mechanical Properties

115

(1)

2.5.2 Thermal Properties

116

(1)

2.5.3 Weathering Resistance

116

(1)

2.6 Applications and Uses

116

(1)

2.6.1 Casting

116

(1)

2.7 Special Formulations

117

(7)

2.7.1 Interpenetrating Networks

117

(1)

2.7.2 Grafting with Isocyanates

118

(1)

2.7.3 Medical Applications

118

(2)

2.7.4 Waterborne Polyurethanes

120

(2)

2.7.5 Ceramic Foams

122

(1)

2.7.6 Adhesion Modification

122

(1)

2.7.7 Electrolytes

122

(2)

References

124

(15)

3 Epoxy Resins

139

(102)

3.1 History

139

(1)

3.2 Monomers

139

(12)

3.2.1 Epoxides

139

(1)

3.2.2 Phenols

140

(4)

3.2.3 Specialities

144

(2)

3.2.4 Manufacture

146

(5)

3.3 Special Additives

151

(22)

3.3.1 Toughening Agents

151

(8)

3.3.2 Antiplasticizers

159

(1)

3.3.3 Lubricants

160

(1)

3.3.4 Adhesion Improvers

160

(1)

3.3.5 Conductivity Modifiers

161

(1)

3.3.6 Reinforcing Materials

161

(3)

3.3.7 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

164

(3)

3.3.8 Organic and Inorganic Hybrids

167

(1)

3.3.9 Flame Retardants

168

(5)

3.3.10 Production Data

173

(1)

3.4 Curing

173

(25)

3.4.1 Initiator Systems

173

(1)

3.4.2 Compounds with Activated Hydrogen

174

(8)

3.4.3 Coordination Catalysts

182

(1)

3.4.4 Ionic Curing

183

(3)

3.4.5 Photoinitiators

186

(3)

3.4.6 Derivatives of Michler's Ketone

189

(4)

3.4.7 Epoxy Systems with Vinyl Groups

193

(1)

3.4.8 Curing Kinetics

193

(4)

3.4.9 Thermal Curing

197

(1)

3.4.10 Microwave Curing

197

(1)

3.5 Properties

198

(5)

3.5.1 Hybrid Polymers and Mixed Polymers

199

(1)

3.5.2 Recycling

200

(3)

3.6 Applications and Uses

203

(1)

3.6.1 Coatings

203

(1)

3.6.2 Foams

203

(1)

3.6.3 Adhesives

203

(1)

3.6.4 Molding Techniques

203

(1)

3.6.5 Stabilizers for Polyvinyl Chloride

204

(1)

3.7 Special Formulations

204

(11)

3.7.1 Development of Formulations

204

(1)

3.7.2 Restoration Materials

205

(1)

3.7.3 Biodegradable Epoxy-polyester Resins

205

(1)

3.7.4 Swellable Epoxies

205

(1)

3.7.5 Reactive Membrane Materials

206

(1)

3.7.6 Controlled-release Formulations for Agriculture

206

(1)

3.7.7 Electronic Packaging Application

206

(1)

3.7.8 Solid Polymer Electrolytes

207

(1)

3.7.9 Optical Resins

207

(3)

3.7.10 Reactive Solvents

210

(1)

3.7.11 Encapsulated Systems

211

(1)

3.7.12 Functionalized Polymers

212

(1)

3.7.13 Epoxy Resins as Compatibilizers

212

(3)

3.7.14 Surface Metallization

215

(1)

References

215

(26)

4 Phenol/formaldehyde Resins

241

(42)

4.1 History

242

(1)

4.2 Monomers

243

(12)

4.2.1 Phenol

244

(1)

4.2.2 o-Cresol

244

(1)

4.2.3 Formaldehyde

245

(1)

4.2.4 Multihydroxymethylketones

246

(1)

4.2.5 Production Data of Important Monomers

246

(1)

4.2.6 Basic Resin Types

247

(1)

4.2.7 Specialities

247

(2)

4.2.8 Synthesis

249

(2)

4.2.9 Catalysts

251

(3)

4.2.10 Manufacture

254

(1)

4.3 Special Additives

255

(5)

4.3.1 Low Emission Types

255

(2)

4.3.2 Boric Acid-modified Types

257

(2)

4.3.3 Fillers

259

(1)

4.3.4 Flame Retardants

259

(1)

4.4 Curing

260

(6)

4.4.1 Model Studies

260

(1)

4.4.2 Experimental Design

261

(1)

4.4.3 Water Content

262

(1)

4.4.4 Influence of Pressure

262

(1)

4.4.5 Wood

262

(1)

4.4.6 Novolak Curing Agents

262

(1)

4.4.7 Resol Resin Hardeners

263

(1)

4.4.8 Ester-type Accelerators

264

(1)

4.4.9 Ashless Resol Resins

264

(1)

4.4.10 Recycling

265

(1)

4.5 Applications and Uses

266

(6)

4.5.1 Binders for Glass Fibers

266

(2)

4.5.2 Molding

268

(1)

4.5.3 Novolak Photoresists

268

(1)

4.5.4 High Temperature Adhesives

269

(1)

4.5.5 Urethane-modified Types

269

(1)

4.5.6 Carbon Products

270

(2)

4.6 Special Formulations

272

(2)

4.6.1 Chemical Resistant Types

272

(1)

4.6.2 Ion Exchange Resins

272

(1)

4.6.3 Brakes

273

(1)

4.6.4 Waterborne Types

273

(1)

4.6.5 High Viscosity Novolak

273

(1)

4.6.6 Foams

273

(1)

4.6.7 Visbreaking of Petroleum

274

(1)

4.7 Testing Methods

274

(1)

4.7.1 Water Tolerance

274

(1)

4.7.2 Salt Tolerance

274

(1)

4.7.3 Free Phenol Content

275

(1)

4.7.4 Free Formaldehyde

275

(1)

4.7.5 pH

275

(1)

4.7.6 Solids Content

275

(1)

4.7.7 o-Cresol Contact Allergy

275

(1)

References

275

(8)

5 Urea/formaldehyde Resins

283

(16)

5.1 History

283

(1)

5.2 Synthesis of Resin

283

(7)

5.2.1 Formaldehyde

283

(1)

5.2.2 Urea

284

(1)

5.2.3 Ammonia

284

(1)

5.2.4 Diketones

284

(1)

5.2.5 Specialities

284

(2)

5.2.6 Polymerization

286

(4)

5.2.7 Manufacture

290

(1)

5.3 Special Additives

290

(1)

5.3.1 Modifiers

290

(1)

5.3.2 Flame Retardants

291

(1)

5.3.3 Production Data of Important Monomers

291

(1)

5.4 Curing

291

(1)

5.5 Measurement of Curing

292

(1)

5.6 Properties

293

(1)

5.6.1 Formaldehyde Release

293

(1)

5.6.2 Storage

293

(1)

5.7 Applications and Uses

294

(1)

5.7.1 Glue Resins

294

(1)

5.7.2 Binders

294

(1)

5.7.3 Foundry Sands

294

(1)

5.8 Special Formulations

294

(2)

5.8.1 Ready-use Powders

294

(1)

5.8.2 Cyclic Urea Prepolymer in PF Laminating Resins

295

(1)

5.8.3 Liquid Fertilizer

295

(1)

5.8.4 Soil Amendment

295

(1)

5.8.5 Microencapsulation

296

(1)

References

296

(3)

6 Melamine Resins

299

(8)

6.1 History

299

(1)

6.2 Monomers

299

(3)

6.2.1 Melamine

299

(1)

6.2.2 Other Modifiers

300

(1)

6.2.3 Synthesis

300

(2)

6.2.4 Manufacture

302

(1)

6.3 Properties

302

(1)

6.4 Applications and Uses

303

(1)

6.4.1 Wood Impregnation

303

(1)

6.5 Special Formulations

304

(1)

6.5.1 Resins with Increased Elasticity

304

(1)

6.5.2 Microspheres

304

(1)

References

304

(3)

7 Furan Resins

307

(14)

7.1 History

307

(1)

7.2 Monomers

307

(3)

7.2.1 Furfural

308

(1)

7.2.2 Furfuryl Alcohol

309

(1)

7.2.3 Specialities

309

(1)

7.2.4 Synthesis

309

(1)

7.3 Special Additives

310

(1)

7.3.1 Reinforcing Materials

310

(1)

7.3.2 Production Data of Important Monomers

311

(1)

7.4 Curing

311

(2)

7.4.1 Acidic Curing

312

(1)

7.4.2 Oxidative Curing

312

(1)

7.4.3 Ultrasonic Curing

312

(1)

7.5 Properties

313

(1)

7.5.1 Recycling

313

(1)

7.6 Applications and Uses

313

(6)

7.6.1 Carbons

313

(1)

7.6.2 Chromatography Support

314

(1)

7.6.3 Composite Carbon Fiber Materials

315

(1)

7.6.4 Foundry Binders

316

(1)

7.6.5 Glass Fiber Binders

316

(1)

7.6.6 Oil Field Applications

317

(1)

7.6.7 Plant Growth Substrates

317

(1)

7.6.8 Photosensitive Polymer Electrolytes

317

(2)

References

319

(2)

8 Silicones

321

(28)

8.1 History

321

(1)

8.2 Monomers

322

(9)

8.2.1 Chlorosilanes

322

(1)

8.2.2 Silsesquioxanes

322

(1)

8.2.3 Hydrogen Silsesquioxanes

322

(2)

8.2.4 Alkoxy Siloxanes

324

(1)

8.2.5 Epoxy-modified Siloxanes

325

(1)

8.2.6 Silaferrocenophanes

325

(2)

8.2.7 Synthesis

327

(3)

8.2.8 Manufacture

330

(1)

8.3 Modified Types

331

(1)

8.3.1 Chemical Modifications

331

(1)

8.3.2 Fillers

331

(1)

8.3.3 Reinforcing Materials

332

(1)

8.4 Curing

332

(2)

8.4.1 Curing by Condensation

332

(2)

8.5 Crosslinking

334

(2)

8.5.1 Condensation Crosslinking

334

(1)

8.5.2 Peroxides

335

(1)

8.5.3 Hydrosilylation Crosslinking

335

(1)

8.6 Properties

336

(4)

8.6.1 Silicone Rubber

336

(1)

8.6.2 Thermal Properties

336

(2)

8.6.3 Electrical Properties

338

(1)

8.6.4 Surface Tension Properties

338

(1)

8.6.5 Antioxidants

338

(1)

8.6.6 Gas Permeability

338

(2)

8.6.7 Weathering

340

(1)

8.7 Applications and Uses

340

(2)

8.7.1 Antifoaming Agents

340

(1)

8.7.2 Release Agents

340

(1)

8.7.3 Sealing and Jointing Materials

341

(1)

8.7.4 Electrical Industry

341

(1)

8.7.5 Medical Applications

341

(1)

8.8 Special Formulations

342

(3)

8.8.1 Polyimide Resins

342

(1)

8.8.2 Thermal Transfer Ribbons

342

(1)

8.8.3 Self-Assembly Systems

343

(1)

8.8.4 Plasma Grafting

343

(1)

8.8.5 Antifouling Compositions

344

(1)

References

345

(4)

9 Acrylic Resins

349

(24)

9.1 History

349

(1)

9.2 Monomers

350

(6)

9.2.1 Specialities

350

(2)

9.2.2 Synthesis

352

(1)

9.2.3 Manufacture

353

(3)

9.3 Special Additives

356

(2)

9.3.1 Ultraviolet Absorbers

356

(1)

9.3.2 Flame Retardants

356

(2)

9.3.3 Production Data of Important Monomers

358

(1)

9.4 Curing

358

(2)

9.4.1 Initiator Systems

358

(2)

9.4.2 Promoters

360

(1)

9.5 Properties

360

(1)

9.5.1 Electrical Properties

360

(1)

9.5.2 Hydrolytic and Photochemical Stability

361

(1)

9.5.3 Recycling

361

(1)

9.6 Applications and Uses

361

(4)

9.6.1 Acrylic Premixes

361

(1)

9.6.2 Protective Coatings in Electronic Devices

362

(1)

9.6.3 High-performance Biocomposite

363

(1)

9.6.4 Solid Polymer Electrolytes

363

(2)

9.7 Special Formulations

365

(4)

9.7.1 Silane and Siloxane Acrylate Resins

365

(1)

9.7.2 Marble Conservation

365

(1)

9.7.3 Tackifier Resins

366

(1)

9.7.4 Drug Release Membranes

366

(1)

9.7.5 Support Materials for Catalysts

367

(1)

9.7.6 Electron Microscopy

367

(1)

9.7.7 Stereolithography

367

(1)

9.7.8 Laminated Films

367

(1)

9.7.9 Ink-jet Printing Media

368

(1)

References

369

(4)

10 Cyanate Ester Resins

373

(24)

10.1 History

373

(1)

10.2 Monomers

373

(4)

10.2.1 Specialities

373

(2)

10.2.2 Synthesis

375

(2)

10.3 Special Additives

377

(2)

10.3.1 Fillers

377

(1)

10.3.2 Flame Retardants

378

(1)

10.4 Curing

379

(6)

10.4.1 Thermal Curing

379

(2)

10.4.2 Curing with Epoxy Groups

381

(1)

10.4.3 Curing with Unsaturated Compounds

382

(2)

10.4.4 Initiator Systems

384

(1)

10.5 Properties

385

(1)

10.5.1 Modelling

385

(1)

10.6 Applications and Uses

385

(1)

10.6.1 Composites

385

(1)

10.6.2 Electronic Industry

385

(1)

10.6.3 Spacecraft

386

(1)

10.7 Special Formulations

386

(5)

10.7.1 PT Resins

386

(1)

10.7.2 Blends with Epoxies

386

(1)

10.7.3 Bismaleimide Triazine Resins

387

(1)

10.7.4 Siloxane Crosslinked Resins

388

(1)

10.7.5 Alloys with Thermoplastics

389

(2)

10.7.6 Coupling Agents for Cyanate Ester Resins

391

(1)

References

391

(6)

11 Bismaleimide Resins

397

(50)

11.1 Monomers

397

(20)

11.1.1 4,4'-Bis(maleimido)diphenylmethane

397

(1)

11.1.2 2,2'-Diallyl bisphenol A

397

(3)

11.1.3 Poly(ethylene glycol) End-capped with Maleimide

400

(1)

11.1.4 Bismaleimide Bisimides

400

(2)

11.1.5 Maleimide Epoxy Monomers

402

(1)

11.1.6 Phosphorous-containing Monomers

402

(3)

11.1.7 Multiring Monomers with Pendant Chains

405

(1)

11.1.8 Reactions of Maleimides

405

(7)

11.1.9 Specialities

412

(5)

11.2 Special Additives

417

(6)

11.2.1 Tougheners and Modifiers

417

(4)

11.2.2 Fillers

421

(1)

11.2.3 Titanium dioxide

421

(1)

11.2.4 Reinforcing Materials

422

(1)

11.2.5 Flame Retardants

422

(1)

11.3 Curing

423

(8)

11.3.1 Monitoring Curing Reactions

423

(1)

11.3.2 Polymerization

423

(6)

11.3.3 Interpenetrating Networks

429

(2)

11.4 Properties

431

(2)

11.4.1 Thermal Properties

431

(1)

11.4.2 Water Sorption

431

(2)

11.4.3 Recycling

433

(1)

11.5 Applications and Uses

433

(1)

11.5.1 Biochemical Reagents

433

(1)

11.6 Special Formulations

433

(5)

11.6.1 Adhesives

433

(2)

11.6.2 Phosphazene-triazine Polymers

435

(1)

11.6.3 Phosphazene-triazine Polymers

435

(1)

11.6.4 Porous Networks

435

(1)

11.6.5 Nonlinear Optical Systems

435

(3)

References

438

(9)

12 Terpene Resins

447

(24)

12.1 History

447

(1)

12.2 Monomers

447

(4)

12.2.1 Resin

448

(2)

12.2.2 Turpentine

450

(1)

12.2.3 Rosin

450

(1)

12.2.4 Production Data of Important Monomers

450

(1)

12.3 Curing

451

(4)

12.3.1 Homopolymers

451

(1)

12.3.2 Copolymers

452

(1)

12.3.3 Terpene Phenolic Resins

452

(2)

12.3.4 Terpene Maleimide Resins

454

(1)

12.4 Properties

455

(4)

12.4.1 Solubility

455

(1)

12.4.2 Adhesive Properties

456

(2)

12.4.3 Characterization

458

(1)

12.4.4 Recycling

459

(1)

12.5 Applications and Uses

459

(7)

12.5.1 Sealants

460

(1)

12.5.2 Pressure-sensitive Adhesives

460

(1)

12.5.3 Polyacrylate Hot-melt Pressure-sensitive Adhesives

461

(1)

12.5.4 Hot-Melt Adhesives

462

(1)

12.5.5 Coatings

463

(1)

12.5.6 Sizing Agents

463

(2)

12.5.7 Toner Compositions

465

(1)

12.5.8 Chewing Gums

465

(1)

12.6 Special Formulations

466

(1)

12.6.1 Toughener for Novolaks

466

(1)

12.6.2 Fluoro Copolymers

467

(1)

References

467

(4)

13 Cyanoacrylates

471

(22)

13.1 Monomers

471

(4)

13.1.1 Synthesis

471

(1)

13.1.2 Crosslinkers

472

(1)

13.1.3 Commercial Products

473

(2)

13.2 Special Additives

475

(10)

13.2.1 Plasticizers

475

(2)

13.2.2 Accelerators

477

(3)

13.2.3 Thickeners

480

(1)

13.2.4 Stabilizers

480

(2)

13.2.5 Primers

482

(1)

13.2.6 Diazabicyclo and Triazabicyclo Primers

483

(1)

13.2.7 Polyamine Dendrimers

484

(1)

13.3 Curing

485

(1)

13.3.1 Photo Curing

485

(1)

13.4 Properties

486

(1)

13.5 Applications and Uses

486

(3)

13.5.1 Manicure Composition

486

(1)

13.5.2 Tissue Adhesives

487

(2)

References

489

(4)

14 Benzocyclobutene Resins

493

(14)

14.1 Modified Polymers

498

(3)

14.1.1 Thermotropic Copolymers

498

(1)

14.1.2 BCB-modified Aromatic Polyamides

498

(1)

14.1.3 BCB End-capped Polyimides

498

(3)

14.1.4 Flame Resistant Formulations

501

(1)

14.2 Crosslinkers

501

(1)

14.2.1 Modified Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

501

(1)

14.3 Applications and Uses

501

(3)

14.3.1 Applications in Microelectronics

502

(2)

14.3.2 Optical Applications

504

(1)

References

504

(3)

15 Reactive Extrusion

507

(24)

15.1 Extruder

508

(4)

15.1.1 Heat of Polymerization

510

(1)

15.1.2 Ceiling Temperature

510

(1)

15.1.3 Strategy of Reactive Extrusion

511

(1)

15.2 Compositions of Industrial Polymers

512

(5)

15.2.1 Poly(styrene)

513

(1)

15.2.2 Poly(tetramethylene ether) and Poly(caprolactam)

513

(1)

15.2.3 Polyamide 12

513

(1)

15.2.4 Poly(butyl methacrylate)

514

(1)

15.2.5 Poly(carbonate)

514

(3)

15.3 Biodegradable Compositions

517

(7)

15.3.1 Poly(lactide)s

519

(2)

15.3.2 Biodegradable Fibers

521

(1)

15.3.3 Poly(E-caprolactone)

521

(2)

15.3.4 Cationically Modified Starch

523

(1)

15.3.5 Blends of Starch and Poly(acrylamide)

523

(1)

15.3.6 Blends of Protein and Polyester

523

(1)

15.4 Chain Extenders

524

(1)

15.4.1 Recycling of Poly(ethylene-terephthalate)

524

(1)

15.4.2 Modified Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

524

(1)

15.4.3 Poly(butylene terephthalate)

525

(1)

15.5 Related Applications

525

(1)

15.5.1 Transesterification

525

(1)

15.5.2 Hydrolysis and Alcoholysis

526

(1)

15.5.3 Flame Retardant Master Batch

526

(1)

References

526

(5)

16 Compatibilization

531

(56)

16.1 Equipment

532

(1)

16.2 Basic Terms

532

(6)

16.2.1 Thermodynamic Compatibility

532

(1)

16.2.2 Thermodynamic Models

533

(1)

16.2.3 Particle Size

533

(1)

16.2.4 Interfacial Slip

534

(1)

16.2.5 Interpolymer Radical Coupling

534

(1)

16.2.6 Technological Compatibility

534

(4)

16.3 Compatibilization by Additives

538

(7)

16.3.1 Poly(ethylene) Blended with Inorganic Fillers

538

(1)

16.3.2 Filler Materials without Chemical Compatibilizers

538

(1)

16.3.3 Modified Inorganic Fillers

539

(1)

16.3.4 Clay Nanocomposites

540

(1)

16.3.5 Thermoplastic Elastomers

540

(1)

16.3.6 Polyamide 6,6 and Poly(butylene terephthalate)

541

(1)

16.3.7 Poly(ethylene)/Wood Flour Composites

541

(1)

16.3.8 Recycled Polyolefins

542

(1)

16.3.9 Block Copolymers

542

(2)

16.3.10 Impact Modification of Waste PET

544

(1)

16.3.11 Starch

544

(1)

16.3.12 Blends of Cellulose and Chitosan

545

(1)

16.4 Reactive Compatibilization

545

(21)

16.4.1 Coupling Agents for Compatibilization

548

(1)

16.4.2 Vector Fluids

549

(1)

16.4.3 Poly(ethylene) and Polyamide 6

549

(2)

16.4.4 PEO and PBT

551

(1)

16.4.5 Poly(ethylene-octene) and Polyamide 6

552

(1)

16.4.6 Ethylene Acrylic Acid Copolymers and Polyamide 6

552

(1)

16.4.7 Sisal Fibers

552

(1)

16.4.8 Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters

553

(1)

16.4.9 Ionomers and Ionomeric Compatibilizers

554

(2)

16.4.10 Poly(styrene)

556

(2)

16.4.11 Polyolefins/Poly(ethylene oxide)

558

(1)

16.4.12 Poly(phenylene sulfide)/Liquid Crystalline Polymers

559

(1)

16.4.13 LDPE/Thermoplastic Starch

559

(1)

16.4.14 PE and EVA

559

(1)

16.4.15 SBR and EVA

560

(1)

16.4.16 NBR and EPDM

560

(1)

16.4.17 NBR and PA6

561

(1)

16.4.18 Poly(carbonate)-Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Blends

561

(1)

16.4.19 Bisphenol A-poly(carbonate) and ABS Copolymers

561

(2)

16.4.20 KevlarTM

563

(1)

16.4.21 Polyamides

563

(1)

16.4.22 Polyethers

564

(2)

16.4.23 Polyurethane and Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

566

(1)

16.5 Functionalization of End Groups

566

(8)

16.5.1 Mechanisms

566

(3)

16.5.2 Amino-terminated Nitrile Rubber

569

(1)

16.5.3 Functionalization of Olefinic End Groups of Poly(propylene)

569

(4)

16.5.4 Muconic Acid Grafted Polyolefin Compatibilizers

573

(1)

16.5.5 Polyfunctional Polymers and Modified Polyolefin

573

(1)

References

574

(13)

17 Rheology Control

587

(24)

17.1 Melt Flow Rate

587

(1)

17.2 Rheology Control Techniques

587

(3)

17.2.1 Pelletizing

589

(1)

17.3 Peroxides for Rheology Control

590

(11)

17.3.1 Hydroperoxides

590

(1)

17.3.2 Peroxides

591

(2)

17.3.3 Diacyl Peroxides

593

(1)

17.3.4 Ketone Peroxides

593

(2)

17.3.5 Masterbatches of Peroxides

595

(1)

17.3.6 Peresters

595

(1)

17.3.7 Properties of Peroxides

595

(5)

17.3.8 Azo Compounds

600

(1)

17.4 Scavengers

601

(1)

17.4.1 Stable Nitroxyl Radicals

601

(1)

17.5 Mechanism of Degradation

601

(4)

17.6 Ultra High Melt Flow Poly(propylene)

605

(1)

17.7 Irregular Flow Improvement

605

(1)

17.8 Heterophasic Copolymers

606

(2)

17.9 Poly(propylene)

608

(1)

17.9.1 Long Chain Branched Poly(propylene)

608

(1)

17.9.2 Effect of MFR on Temperature and Residence Time

608

(1)

References

609

(2)

18 Grafting

611

(46)

18.1 The Techniques in Grafting

611

(5)

18.1.1 Parameters that Influence Grafting

611

(3)

18.1.2 Free Radical Induced Grafting

614

(1)

18.1.3 Grafting Using Stable Radicals

614

(2)

18.2 Polyolefins

616

(21)

18.2.1 Monomers for Grafting onto Polyolefins

616

(1)

18.2.2 Mechanism of Melt Grafting

617

(1)

18.2.3 Side Reactions

618

(1)

18.2.4 Viscosity

618

(2)

18.2.5 Ceiling Temperature

620

(1)

18.2.6 Effect of Initiator Solubility

620

(2)

18.2.7 Distribution of the Grafted Groups

622

(1)

18.2.8 Effect of Stabilizers on Grafting

622

(1)

18.2.9 Radical Grafting of Polyolefins with Diethyl Maleate

622

(1)

18.2.10 Inhibitors for the Homopolymerization of Maleic anhydride

623

(1)

18.2.11 Inhibitors for Crosslinking

623

(1)

18.2.12 Special Initiators

624

(5)

18.2.13 Maleic anhydride

629

(1)

18.2.14 Polyolefins Grafted with Itaconic Acid Derivatives

629

(1)

18.2.15 Imidized Maleic Groups

630

(1)

18.2.16 Oxazoline-modified Polyolefins

630

(1)

18.2.17 Modification of Polyolefins with Vinylsilanes

631

(1)

18.2.18 Ethyl Diazoacetate-modified Polyolefins

631

(1)

18.2.19 Grafting Antioxidants

632

(1)

18.2.20 Comonomer Assisted Free Radical Grafting

633

(3)

18.2.21 Radiation Induced Grafting in Solution

636

(1)

18.2.22 Characterization of Polyolefin Graft Copolymers

636

(1)

18.2.23 PVC/LDPE Melt Blends

637

(1)

18.3 Other Polymers

637

(5)

18.3.1 Poly(styrene) Functionalized with Maleic anhydride

637

(1)

18.3.2 Multifunctional Monomers for PP/PS Blends

637

(1)

18.3.3 Poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate)

638

(1)

18.3.4 n-Butyl methacrylate Grafted onto PVC

638

(1)

18.3.5 Starch Esterification

639

(1)

18.3.6 Starch Grafted Acrylics

639

(1)

18.3.7 Thermoplastic Phenol/Formaldehyde Polymers

640

(1)

18.3.8 Polyesters and Polyurethanes

640

(2)

18.3.9 Polyacrylic Hot-melt Pressure-sensitive Adhesive

642

(1)

18.4 Terminal Functionalization

642

(2)

18.4.1 Ene Reaction with Poly(propylene)

642

(1)

18.4.2 Styrene-butadiene Rubber

643

(1)

18.4.3 Diels-Alder Reaction

643

(1)

18.5 Grafting onto Surfaces

644

(5)

18.5.1 Grafting onto Poly(ethylene)

644

(3)

18.5.2 Grafting onto Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

647

(2)

References

649

(8)

19 Acrylic Dental Fillers

657

(36)

19.1 History

658

(1)

19.2 Polymeric Composite Filling Materials

658

(1)

19.3 Monomers

659

(9)

19.3.1 Acrylics and Methacrylics

659

(6)

19.3.2 Cyclic Monomers

665

(1)

19.3.3 Epoxy Monomers

666

(2)

19.3.4 Highly Loaded Composite

668

(1)

19.4 Radical Polymerization

668

(9)

19.4.1 Chemical Curing Systems

668

(5)

19.4.2 Photo Curing

673

(3)

19.4.3 Curing Techniques

676

(1)

19.4.4 Dual Initiator Systems

676

(1)

19.5 Inhibitors

677

(1)

19.6 Additives

677

(9)

19.6.1 Fillers and Reinforcing Materials

677

(4)

19.6.2 Pigments

681

(1)

19.6.3 Photostabilizers

681

(1)

19.6.4 Caries Inhibiting Agents

682

(1)

19.6.5 Coloring or Tint Agents

682

(1)

19.6.6 Adhesion Promoter

682

(4)

19.6.7 Thermochromic Dye

686

(1)

19.7 Properties

686

(1)

19.7.1 Water Sorption

686

(1)

19.7.2 Cytotoxicity

687

(1)

19.8 Applications

687

(1)

19.8.1 Filling Techniques

687

(1)

19.8.2 Primer Emulsions

688

(1)

References

688

(5)

20 Toners

693

(8)

20.1 Toner Components

694

(1)

20.2 Toner Resins

695

(1)

20.3 Manufacture of Toner Resins

696

(5)

20.3.1 Suspension Polymerization

696

(1)

20.3.2 Terephthalic Ester Resins

697

(1)

20.3.3 Unsaturated Ester Resins

697

(1)

20.3.4 Toner Resins with Low Fix Temperature

698

(2)

20.3.5 Toners for Textile Printing

700

(1)

20.4 Characterization of Toners

701

(1)

References

701

(2)

Index

703

Acronyms

703

(21)

Chemicals

724

(33)

General

757

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