Real-Time Systems: Formal Specification and

Real-time systems need to react to certain input stimuli within given time bounds. For example, an airbag in a car has to unfold within 300 milliseconds in a crash. There are many embedded safety-critical applications and each requires real-time specification techniques. This text introduces three of these techniques, based on logic and automata: duration calculus, timed automata, and PLC-automata. The techniques are brought together to form a seamless design flow, from real-time requirements specified in the duration calculus; via designs specified by PLC-automata; and into source code for hardware platforms of embedded systems. The syntax, semantics, and proof methods of the specification techniques are introduced; their most important properties are established; and real-life examples illustrate their use. Detailed case studies and exercises conclude each chapter. Ideal for students of real-time systems or embedded systems, this text will also be of great interest to researchers and professionals in transportation and automation.

Preface	p. vii
Acknowledgements	p. xii
List of symbols	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
What is a real-time system?	p. 1
System properties	p. 4
Generalised railroad crossing	p. 7
Gas burner	p. 12
Aims of this book	p. 15
Exercises	p. 20
Bibliographic remarks	p. 21
Duration Calculus	p. 28
Preview	p. 28
Syntax and semantics	p. 31
Specification and correctness proof	p. 47
Proof rules	p. 53
Exercises	p. 75
Bibliographic remarks	p. 79
Properties and subsets of DC	p. 81
Decidability results	p. 81
Implementables	p. 97
Constraint Diagrams	p. 110
Exercises	p. 128
Bibliographic remarks	p. 132
Timed automata	p. 134
Timed automata	p. 134
Networks of timed automata	p. 145
Reachability is decidable	p. 153
The model checker UPPAAL	p. 165
Exercises	p. 184
Bibliographic remarks	p. 187
PLC-Automata	p. 189
Programmable Logic Controllers	p. 190
PLC-Automata	p. 192
Translation into PLC source code	p. 197
Duration Calculus semantics	p. 201
Synthesis from DC implementables	p. 212
Extensions of PLC-Automata	p. 227
Exercises	p. 237
Bibliographic remarks	p. 240
Automatic verification	p. 241
The approach	p. 241
Requirements	p. 243
Specification	p. 257
Verification	p. 265
The tool Moby/RT	p. 283
Summary	p. 287
Exercises	p. 289
Bibliographic remarks	p. 290
Notations	p. 293
Bibliography	p. 304
Index	p. 313
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Real-Time Systems: Formal Specification and Automatic Verification

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