Real-time Volume Graphics

Based on course notes of SIGGRAPH course teaching techniques for real-time rendering of volumetric data and effects; covers both applications in scientific visualization and real-time rendering. It starts with the basics (texture-based ray casting) and then improves and expands the algorithms incrementally. The book includes source code, algorithms, diagrams, and rendered graphics.

Klaus Engel earned his PhD in Computer Science from the University of Stuttgart. He is a researcher at Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. in Princeton, NJ.Markus Hadwiger earned his PhD in Computer Science from the Vienna University of Technology. He is a senior researcher in the Medical Visualization department at the VRVis Research Center in Vienna, Austria.Joe Kniss earned his PhD in Computer Science from the University of Utah's School of Computing. He investigates volume rendering, volume light transport, human-computer interaction, and image processing at the Scientiﬁc Computing and Imaging Institute in Salt Lake City, UT.Christof Rezk-Salama earned his PhD from the University of Erlangen, working in the Computer Graphics Group. He is an assistant professor at the Computer Graphics and Multimedia Group of the University of Siegen, Germany.Daniel Weiskopf earned his PhD in Physics from the University of Tnbingen, Germany. He is an Assistant Professor of Computing Science and co-director of the Graphics, Usability,and Visualization Lab at Simon Fraser University, Canada.

Preface

xi

1 Theoretical Background and Basic Approaches

1

(32)

1.1 Problem Setting

3

(1)

1.2 Physical Model of Light Transport

4

(4)

1.3 Volume-Rendering Integral

8

(2)

1.4 Discretization

10

(7)

1.5 Volume Data and Reconstruction Filters

17

(8)

1.6 Volume-Rendering Pipeline and Basic Approaches

25

(5)

1.7 Further Reading

30

(3)

2 CPU Programming

33

(14)

2.1 The Graphics Pipeline

33

(2)

2.2 Vertex Processing

35

(3)

2.3 Fragment Processing

38

(4)

2.4 Frame-Buffer Operations

42

(3)

2.5 Further Reading

45

(2)

3 Basic CPU-Based Volume Rendering

47

(34)

3.1 Software Components

47

(2)

3.2 2D Texture–Based Volume Rendering

49

(12)

3.3 3D Texture–Based Approach

61

(6)

3.4 2D Multitexture–Based Approach

67

(4)

3.5 Vertex Programs

71

(8)

3.6 Further Reading

79

(2)

4 Transfer Functions

81

(22)

4.1 Classification

81

(3)

4.2 Implementation of Pre-Classification

84

(3)

4.3 Implementation of Post-Classification

87

(2)

4.4 Pre- versus Post-Interpolative Transfer Functions

89

(3)

4.5 Pre-Integrated Transfer Functions

92

(4)

4.6 Implementation of Pre-Integrated Transfer Functions

96

(4)

4.7 Discussion

100

(2)

4.8 Further Reading

102

(1)

5 Local Volume Illumination

103

(36)

5.1 Terminology

105

(1)

5.2 Types of Light Sources

106

(2)

5.3 Gradient-Based Illumination

108

(6)

5.4 Local Illumination Models

114

(8)

5.5 Pre-Computed Gradients

122

(5)

5.6 On-the-Fly Gradients

127

(5)

5.7 Environment Mapping

132

(3)

5.8 High Dynamic Range Illumination and Volume Rendering

135

(2)

5.9 Further Reading

137

(2)

6 Global Volume Illumination

139

(24)

6.1 Volumetric Shadows

140

(3)

6.2 Phase Functions

143

(6)

6.3 Translucent Volume Lighting

149

(9)

6.4 Shading Strategies

158

(3)

6.5 Further Reading

161

(2)

7 GPU-Based Ray Casting

163

(24)

7.1 Basic Structure of Ray Casting

165

(2)

7.2 Single-Pass GPU Ray Casting for Uniform Grids

167

(3)

7.3 Performance Aspects and Acceleration Methods

170

(4)

7.4 Multipass GPU Ray Casting for Uniform Grids

174

(4)

7.5 Ray Casting in Tetrahedral Grids

178

(6)

7.6 Further Reading

184

(3)

8 Improving Performance

187

(28)

8.1 Improving Memory Access

187

(5)

8.2 Asynchronous Data Upload

192

(2)

8.3 Bilinear Filtering

194

(2)

8.4 Empty-Space Leaping

196

(1)

8.5 Occlusion Culling

197

(3)

8.6 Early R ay Termination

200

(6)

8.7 Deferred Shading

206

(3)

8.8 Image Downscaling

209

(2)

8.9 Discussion

211

(4)

9 Improving Image Quality

215

(34)

9.1 Sampling Artifacts

216

(7)

9.2 Filtering Artifacts

223

(14)

9.3 Classification Artifacts

237

(2)

9.4 Shading Artifacts

239

(4)

9.5 Blending Artifacts

243

(4)

9.6 Discussion

247

(2)

10 Transfer Functions Reloaded

249

(26)

10.1 Image Data versus Scalar Field

249

(2)

10.2 Multidimensional Transfer Functions: Introduction

251

(2)

10.3 Data Value and Derivatives

253

(2)

10.4 General Multidimensional Transfer Functions

255

(2)

10.5 Engineering Multidimensional Transfer Functions

257

(11)

10.6 Transfer-Function User Interfaces

268

(5)

10.7 Further Reading

273

(2)

11 Game Developer's Guide to Volume Graphics

275

(38)

11.1 Volume Graphics in Games

275

(6)

11.2 Differences from "Standalone" Volume Rendering

281

(2)

11.3 Guide to Other Chapters

283

(2)

11.4 Integrating Volumes with Scene Geometry

285

(9)

11.5 A Simple Volume Ray Caster for Games

294

(2)

11.6 Volumetric Effects

296

(5)

11.7 Simulation

301

(2)

11.8 Integrating Volumes with Scene Shadowing and Lighting

303

(8)

11.9 Further Reading

311

(2)

12 Volume Modeling

313

(16)

12.1 Rendering into a 3D Texture

315

(1)

12.2 Voxelization

316

(4)

12.3 Procedural Modeling

320

(5)

12.4 Compositing and Image Processing

325

(1)

12.5 Further Reading

326

(3)

13 Volume Deformation and Animation

329

(20)

13.1 Modeling Paradigms

329

(2)

13.2 Deformation in Model Space

331

(1)

13.3 Deformation in Texture Space

332

(5)

13.4 Deformation and Illumination

337

(3)

13.5 Animation Techniques

340

(6)

13.6 Further Reading

346

(3)

14 Non-Photorealistic and Illustrative Techniques

349

(32)

14.1 Overview of Methods

350

(10)

14.2 Basic NPR Shading Models

360

(4)

14.3 Contour Rendering

364

(4)

14.4 Surface and Isosurface Curvature

368

(6)

14.5 Deferred Shading of Isosurfaces

374

(2)

14.6 Curvature-Based Isosurface Illustration

376

(4)

14.7 Further Reading

380

(1)

15 Volume Clipping

381

(34)

15.1 Conceptual Description of Volume Clipping

382

(2)

15.2 Clipping via Voxelized Selection Volumes

384

(7)

15.3 Surface-Based Clipping

391

(8)

15.4 Volume Clipping and Illumination

399

(7)

15.5 Clipping and Pre-Integration

406

(3)

15.6 Clipping and Volume Illustration

409

(4)

15.7 Further Reading

413

(2)

16 Segmented Volume Data

415

(26)

16.1 Overview

417

(3)

16.2 Segmented Data Representation

420

(1)

16.3 Rendering Segmented Data

421

(2)

16.4 The Basic Rendering Loop

423

(5)

16.5 Boundary Filtering

428

(8)

16.6 Two-Level Volume Rendering

436

(2)

16.7 Further Reading

438

(3)

17 Large Volume Data

441

(20)

17.1 Memory Performance Considerations

444

(2)

17.2 Bricking

446

(3)

17.3 Multiresolution Volume Rendering

449

(1)

17.4 Built-In Texture Compression

450

(1)

17.5 Wavelet Compression

451

(2)

17.6 Packing Techniques

453

(4)

17.7 Vector Quantization

457

(1)

17.8 Discussion

458

(1)

17.9 Further Reading

459

(2)

Bibliography

461

(28)

Index

489

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Real-time Volume Graphics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials