Refiner's Fire

What does religion have to do with fomenting or transcending violence? In this fascinating work, Kirk-Duggan documents and analyzes religion's involvement in violence, in the Bible, slavery, the Civil Rights Movement, and the youth scene of today

Acknowledgments

xi

Preface

xiii

Eyes on the Prize: Womanist Reflections

1

(16)

What Is a ``Womanist''?

2

(4)

Womanist Vision: Thinking and Seeing

6

(2)

Emancipatory Womanist Theology

8

(3)

A Life of Stewardship

11

(2)

Components of Womanist Engagement

13

(1)

bell hooks and Killing Rage

14

(1)

Womanist Theory: A Refiner's Fire

15

(2)

Take No Prisoners: Biblical Women Engaged in Violence

17

(20)

Women Warriors and Coconspirators

18

(4)

Assets of Power and the Place of Sex

22

(5)

Violence against Women and Children

27

(1)

Mimetic Desire and the Scapegoat Mechanism

28

(6)

Women Who Kill: Biblical Women in Modern Perspective

34

(3)

Lay My Burden Down: Spirituality Transcends Antebellum Violence

37

(18)

The Refining Fire of African American Spirituals

37

(3)

Myth, Ritual, and Oral and Written History

40

(1)

Rhetorical-Musical Analysis of the Spirituals

41

(4)

A Quest for Justice amid Life and Power

45

(3)

Synthesis: Creative Spirituality Signified

48

(2)

Analyzing Individual Spirituals

50

(3)

The Spirituals as Creative Change

53

(2)

Sojourner's Sisters: 1960s Women Freedom Fighters Right Civil Wrongs

55

(16)

African American Women Activists of the Nineteenth Century and the 1960s

56

(1)

This Little Light of Mine: Those Who Accomplished in Spite of

57

(14)

Ballads, Not Bullets: The Nonviolent Protest Ministry of Martin Luther king Jr.

71

(22)

Freedom Songs: African America's Spirituals Redacted

72

(1)

Wade in the Water: The Turbulent 1960s

72

(1)

America's Civil Religion

72

(2)

The Ethics and Theology of Martin Luther King Jr.

74

(6)

The Movement Since 1955

80

(7)

How Music Moved the Movement

87

(3)

King and the Role of Women

90

(3)

Soul Sisters: Girls in Gangs and Sororities

93

(20)

African American Sororities

94

(1)

Gangs Defined: Then and Now

95

(1)

Gangs and Sororities: Catalysts of Culture

96

(2)

Sororities and Sistah Gangs: A Socio-Historical Review

98

(3)

Black Women in Sistah Gangs

101

(5)

Imitative Activity of Sororities, Gangs, and Crews

106

(2)

Internal and External Onus: Society's Response and Expectations

108

(2)

Gang Summits

110

(1)

The Value of Girls and Women

111

(2)

Build Up, Break Down: Language as Empowerment and Annihilation

113

(18)

Language: An Accessible Life-Giving and Death-Causing Mechanism

114

(2)

Culture Provides Answers to Human Questions

116

(1)

The Scapegoating Mechanism

117

(5)

The Control of Violence

122

(1)

Language Connects Body, Mind, and Soul

123

(5)

Transformation

128

(3)

Daughters of Zelophehad: A Constructive Analysis of Violence

131

(30)

The Story of the Daughters of Zelophehad

132

(2)

Genesis 12:1-3 and the Priestly, Everlasting Covenant

134

(2)

Divine and Human Violence

136

(2)

Violence and Patriarchy

138

(1)

Violence and Imago Dei

139

(1)

Violence in Society: A Necessity?

140

(4)

Refiner's Fire: A Constructive Theology and Ethics of Violence

144

(5)

The Spiritual Life as Confessional Existence

149

(3)

Ethics: The Value Factors

152

(1)

Theory and Praxis and the Escalation of Violence

153

(4)

Womanist Theory Embodies God's Powerful Grace

157

(4)

Death as Worship: Celebrating Dying as Part of Life

161

(16)

Death: A Turnstile to the Unknown

162

(1)

Death: A Transition of Time-Ordered Life

162

(2)

Liturgical Seasons: Life Processes

164

(8)

Liturgical Moments: Death as Process

172

(2)

Womanist Liturgics: Hurting, Pain, and Grief

174

(3)

Notes

177

(26)

Index

203

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Refiner's Fire

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