Reflectarray Antennas

Describes the configuration and principles of a reflectarray antenna, its advantages over other antennas, the history of its development, analysis techniques, practical design procedures, bandwidth issues and wideband techniques, as well as applications and recent developments. Both authors are well respected practitioners who have build these antennas and developed them for space flight.

John Huang, PhD, has been with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, since 1980, where his research activities involve microstrip antennas, mobile vehicle antennas, antenna miniaturization techniques, spacecraft antennas, phased arrays, reflectarrays, and inflatable antennas. He pioneered the development of several major antenna technologies, such as the microstrip reflectarray and the inflatable array antenna. Dr. Huang, an IEEE Fellow, has published extensively and received four U.S. patents and more than twenty NASA Certificates of Recognition.

José A. Encinar, PhD, has been at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid since 1980, where he became a Professor of the Electromagnetism and Circuit Theory Department in 1991. His research interests include numerical techniques for the analysis and design of multi-layer periodic structures, frequency selective surfaces, printed arrays, and reflectarrays. He has published extensively and holds three patents on array and reflectarray antennas. Dr. Encinar was a co-recipient of the 2005 H. A. Wheeler Applications Prize Paper Award, and the 2007 S. A. Schelkunoff Transactions Prize Paper Award, given by IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society.

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Introduction to Reflectarray Antenna	p. 1
Description of Reflectarray	p. 1
Printed Reflectarray	p. 3
Advantages of Reflectarray	p. 3
Disadvantage of Reflectarray	p. 4
References	p. 6
Development History	p. 9
Early Innovations and Developments	p. 9
Waveguide Reflectarray in the 1960s	p. 9
Spiralphase Reflectarray in the 1970s	p. 9
Microstrip Reflectarray in the 1980s	p. 11
Recent Developments	p. 13
Comparison with Similar Technologies	p. 20
Array Lens	p. 20
Fresnel-Zone Plate Reflector	p. 22
References	p. 24
Antenna Analysis Techniques	p. 27
Introduction	p. 27
Overview of Analysis Techniques	p. 29
Phase-Shift Distribution	p. 34
Analysis of Rectangular Patches with Attached Stubs	p. 35
Full-Wave Analysis of Multilayer Periodic Structures	p. 38
Characterization of a Periodic Interface as a Building Block	p. 40
Analysis of Reflectarray Elements in a Periodic Environment	p. 44
Phase-Shifter Element Based on Single and Stacked Variable-Sized Patches	p. 48
Single-Layer Elements	p. 49
Multilayer Elements	p. 50
Measurements of Phase-Shift and Losses in Waveguide Simulator	p. 52
Phase-Shifter Element Based on Aperture-Coupled Patches	p. 55
Design of Reflectarray Element	p. 56
Phase Delay Curves	p. 57
Feed Model and Radiation Patterns	p. 64
Field on the Reflectarray Elements	p. 66
Radiation Patterns	p. 68
Experimental Results	p. 72
Gain Computation	p. 73
References	p. 74
Practical Design Approach	p. 79
Element Effects and Selection	p. 79
Element Reflection Phase	p. 79
Element Beamwidth	p. 81
Element Bandwidth	p. 82
Element Reflection Efficiency	p. 82
Element Spacing	p. 83
Path Length and Phase Delay Calculation	p. 84
Radiation Pattern Calculation	p. 85
Reflectarray Geometry Design	p. 86
Reflectarray Power Handling	p. 91
References	p. 91
Broadband Techniques	p. 93
Bandwidth Limitation by the Reflectarray Element	p. 93
Broadband Phase-Shifter Elements	p. 95
Aperture-Coupled Patches	p. 96
Variable-Sized Stacked Patches	p. 97
Other Reflectarray Elements for Bandwidth Improvement	p. 99
Bandwidth Limitation by Differential Spatial Phase Delay	p. 100
Broadband Techniques for Large Reflectarrays	p. 104
True Time Delay Reflectarrays	p. 106
Compensation of Phase Delay in a Frequency Band	p. 108
Multifacet Reflectarrays	p. 112
References	p. 116
Dual-Band Reflectarray	p. 119
Dual-Band with a Single-Layer Substrate	p. 119
Circular or Dual-Linear Polarization with Two Widely Separated Frequencies	p. 119
Circular Polarization with Two Closely Separated Frequencies	p. 120
Linear Polarization with Two Widely Separated Frequencies	p. 121
Linear Polarization with Two Closely Separated Frequencies	p. 123
Dual-Band with Two-Layer Substrates	p. 123
High-Frequency Elements above Low-Frequency Elements	p. 124
Low-Frequency Elements above High-Frequency Elements	p. 125
Multiband Reflectarray with More than Two Frequencies	p. 131
References	p. 134
Recent and Future Applications	p. 137
Inflatable/Thin-Membrane Reflectarrays	p. 137
X-Band 1-m Inflatable Reflectarray	p. 138
Ka-Band 3-m Inflatable Reflectarray	p. 139
Contoured Beam Reflectarrays for Space Applications	p. 143
Pattern Synthesis	p. 145
Practical Designs	p. 150
Multi-Beam Reflectarrays	p. 169
Amplifying Reflectarray	p. 177
Folded Compact Reflectarray	p. 182
Cassegrain Offset-Fed Configurations	p. 190
Very Large Aperture Applications	p. 194
Beam Scanning Reflectarrays	p. 195
References	p. 201
Index	p. 207
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Reflectarray Antennas

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