Reflections An Anthology of African-American

This book includes both classic and more contemporary readings by both professional philosophers and other people with philosophically intriguing viewpoints. The material provided is diverse, yet also contains certain themes to achieve the element of unity. One such theme, the debate of the "nationalist" focus on blackness vs. the many critics of this focus, runs through a great number of issues and readings.

Preface

vii

Introduction

1

(4)

PART I FOUNDATIONS

5

(64)

Race and Racism

6

(3)

From The Souls of Black Folk

9

(4)

W. E. B. DuBois

Racism, Consciousness, and Afrocentricity

13

(9)

Molefi K. Asante

Racisms

22

(11)

Kwame Anthony Appiah

The Heart of Racism

33

(12)

J. L. A. Garcia

Contemporary Issue: Views on ``Mixed Race''

45

(1)

Mixed Black and White Race and Public Policy

45

(9)

Naomi Zack

Race, Biraciality, and Mixed Race---In Theory

54

(15)

Lewis R. Gordon

PART II MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

69

(234)

Nationalism, Separatism, and Assimilation

70

(3)

The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States

73

(8)

Martin R. Delaney

The Future of the Negro, The Future of the Colored Race, The Nation's Problem, and On Colonization

81

(11)

Frederick Douglass

From Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey

92

(5)

Marcus Garvey

The Nguzo Saba (The Seven Principles): Their Meaning and Message

97

(8)

Maulana Karenga

The Afrocentric Idea in Education

105

(4)

Molefi K. Asante

The Four Traditions of Response

109

(16)

Cornel West

Contemporary Issue: ``Ebonics''

125

(1)

Black English/Ebonics: What It Be Like?

125

(5)

Geneva Smitherman

Educating Teachers about Educating the Oppressed

130

(7)

Milton Baxter

Feminism, Womanism, and Gender Relations

134

(3)

A'n't I a Woman?

137

(1)

Sojourner Truth

The Social Construction of Black Feminist Thought

138

(14)

Patricia Hill Collins

Reflections on Race and Sex

152

(5)

bell hooks

Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory

157

(10)

Angela P. Harris

Do Black Men Have a Moral Duty to Marry Black Women?

167

(16)

Charles W. Mills

Contemporary Issue: Women's Rights and Black Nationalism

183

(1)

Africa on My Mind: Gender, Counterdiscourse, and African American Nationalism

183

(9)

E. Frances White

Black Woman

192

(6)

Amiri Baraka

Violence, Liberation, and Social Justice

196

(2)

Letter from Birmingham Jail

198

(5)

Martin Luther King, Jr

Message to the Grass Roots

203

(7)

Malcolm X

Psychological Violence, Physical Violence, and Racial Oppression

210

(7)

Howard McGary

Group Autonomy and Narrative Identity

217

(9)

Laurence M. Thomas

Contemporary Issue: Affirmative Action

226

(1)

Affirmative Action

226

(9)

Bernard Boxill

Affirmative Action

235

(10)

Shelby Steele

Ethics and Value Theory

242

(3)

Values and Imperatives

245

(10)

Alain Locke

Race, Class, and the Social Construction of Self-Respect

255

(11)

Michele M. Moody-Adams

Friendship (with A Note on Friendship and Diversity, by Nasri Abdel-Aziz and Laurence M. Thomas)

266

(15)

Laurence M. Thomas

Nihilism in Black America

281

(5)

Cornel West

Unctuousness as Virtue: According to the Life of Zora Neale Hurston

286

(8)

Katie G. Cannon

Contemporary Issue: A Classic Question of Values, Rights, and Education

294

(1)

Atlanta Exposition Address

294

(2)

Booker T. Washington

The Talented Tenth

296

(7)

W. E. B. DuBois

PART III PHILOSOPHY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES

303

(148)

Philosophy and Legal Theory

304

(2)

Alchemical Notes: Reconstructing Ideals from Deconstructed Rights

306

(8)

Patricia J. Williams

Sapphire Bound!

314

(11)

Regina Austin

Racial Realism---After We're Gone: Prudent Speculations on America in a Post-Racial Epoch

325

(5)

Derrick Bell

Critical Race Theory: A Critique

330

(11)

John Arthur

Contemporary Issue: Racist Hate Speech

341

(1)

Prohibiting Racist Speech: A Debate

341

(8)

Charles Lawrence

Gerald Gunther

Aesthetics

347

(2)

Everybody's Protest Novel

349

(4)

James Baldwin

The Black Arts Movement

353

(7)

Larry Neal

Billie Holiday's ``Strange Fruit'': Music and Social Consciousness

360

(7)

Angela Y. Davis

Blues People

367

(5)

Ralph Ellison

Contemporary Issue: Rap Music

372

(1)

Rap Music and the Uses of Stereotype

372

(12)

Crispin Sartwell

Beyond Racism and Misogyny: Black Feminism and 2 Live Crew

384

(12)

Kimberle Crenshaw

Philosophy and Theology

394

(2)

David Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States

396

(9)

David Walker

God and Black Theology

405

(9)

James H. Cone

Ontological Blackness in Theology

414

(10)

Victor Anderson

Alternative Perspectives and Critiques

424

(13)

Anthony Pinn

Contemporary Issue: Womanist Theology and the Traditional Black Church

437

(1)

Christian Ethics and Theology in Womanist Perspective

437

(7)

Cheryl J. Sanders

Womanist Reflections on ``the Black Church,'' the African-American Denominational Churches and the Universal Hagar's Spiritual Church

444

(7)

Delores Williams

Suggestions for Further Reading

451

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Reflections An Anthology of African-American Philosophy

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials