Regulating Energy and Natural Resources

, by Barton, Barry; Lucas, Alastair; Barrera-Hernández, Lila; Rønne, Anita

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ISBN: 9780199299874 | 0199299870
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/11/2006

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Democratization, globalization, and increased environmental awareness have had a profound impact on the regulation of industry in the energy and natural resources sector. This book analyses the changes in character of the way this industry is regulated, and seeks to make connections with theoretical perspectives on regulation as a major part of the modern legal system.

List of Contributors

xiv

PART 1: THE FRAMEWORK

1. Introduction

(8)

Barry Barton, Lila K. Barrera-Hernández, Alastair R. Lucas, and Anita Rønne

I. Evolution in regulation—the background

(2)

II. The literature

(1)

III. Intentions

(1)

IV. Methods

(1)

V. Readership

(1)

VI. The meaning of regulation

(1)

VII. The chapters

(3)

2. The Theoretical Context of Regulation

(26)

Barry Barton

I. What we mean by regulation

(4)

II. Justification and criticism of regulation

(4)

III. Conventional regulation

(2)

IV. Market-based alternatives

(2)

V. Decentred understandings of regulation

(5)

VI. Consequences of decentred understandings

(3)

VII. The outlook for decentred forms of regulation

(1)

VIII. Empirical studies

(1)

IX. Evaluating regulation

(1)

X. Regulation in international law

(1)

XI. Conclusion

(4)

PART 2: GLOBALIZATION AND THE CHALLENGE TO TRADITIONAL STATE-CENTRED REGULATION

Introduction

(74)

3. Alternative Regulation and Governance Reform in Resource-Rich Developing Countries of Africa

(28)

Yinka O. Omorogbe

I. Introduction

(3)

II. Alternative regulation in an African setting

(2)

III. The need to reform: Dutch disease, corruption, poverty, and international security

(3)

IV. Rationale for driving reform

(2)

V. Drivers of reform

(9)

VI. Alternative regulation and internal security of states and installations

(1)

VII. Assessing reform

(6)

VIII. Conclusion

(2)

4. Sustainable Energy Development in Latin America and Donor Driven Reform: What Will the World Bank Do?

(22)

Lila K. Barrera-Hernández

I. Introduction

(1)

II. IFIs in Latin America

(1)

III. International Financial Institutions

(3)

IV. The war on utilities and other messy stuff: conditionalities in Latin America

(7)

V. Impact of loan conditionalities on regulatory choice

(2)

VI. The view from Washington

(5)

VII. Conclusion

(3)

5. International Soft Law and Globalization

(22)

Catherine Redgwell

I. Introduction

(2)

II. What is soft law?

(3)

III. What is the relationship between hard and soft law?

(3)

IV. Why use soft law?

(2)

V. To what extent do international instruments mandate the use of hard or soft law in domestic implementation?

(3)

VI. Is soft law an alternative to regulation?

102

(2)

VII. Soft law in practice: the Global Compact and the partnership approach

104

(2)

VIII. Conclusion

106

(5)

PART 3: REGULATING ENERGY SYSTEMS

Introduction

111

(74)

6. Contemporary United States Energy Regulation

113

(24)

John Gulliver and Donald N. Zillman

I. The origins of United States energy regulation

113

(2)

II. Regulation under challenge

115

(2)

III. Energy regulation in the Bush Administration

117

(4)

IV. Electricity regulation

121

(10)

V. Natural gas

131

(4)

VI. Conclusion

135

(2)

7. Self-Regulation, State Regulation, and Co-regulation in Energy in New Zealand

137

(12)

Barry Barton

I. Introduction

137

(1)

II. The electricity sector

138

(5)

III. Natural gas

143

(3)

IV. Significance of these developments

146

(3)

8. The Political Economy of Regulation: Developments in British Energy Regulation under Labour

149

(22)

Aileen McHarg

I. Introduction

149

(2)

II. Energy regulation before 1997

151

(1)

III. Labour's reforms: regulatory institutions

152

(5)

IV. Labour's reforms: regulatory objectives

157

(7)

V. Labour's reforms: regulatory instruments

164

(4)

VI. Conclusion

168

(3)

9. System Operation: From Self-Regulation to Public Regulation

171

(14)

Ulf Hammer

I. Introduction

171

(1)

II. System operation

172

(1)

III. The European regulatory level

173

(3)

IV. The national regulatory level in the Nordic countries

176

(3)

V. The ISO regulatory level in the Norwegian electricity market

179

(3)

VI. Decentred regulation?

182

(1)

VII. Conclusion

182

(3)

10. A New Role for the State—Energy Regulatory Reform in Denmark

185

(18)

Anita Rønne

I. Introduction

185

(5)

II. The Danish energy sector

190

(1)

III. The energy reform 2004

191

(6)

IV. Co-regulation of the monopoly parts of the electricity and gas industries

197

(1)

V. The use of agreements in public regulation

197

(2)

VI. Conclusions

199

(4)

11. Conventional Regulation Renascent but Changing Alternatives to Regulation: The German Experience

203

(20)

Gunther Kühne

I. Introduction

203

(1)

II. The traditional approach to regulation

204

(2)

III. Tendencies towards contractual and self-regulatory mechanisms during the last 30 years

206

(3)

IV. Examples of alternatives to regulation at the intersection of environmental and energy law

209

(3)

V. The drama of self-regulation with regard to negotiated third-party access (TPA) in electricity and gas supply

212

(4)

VI. Self-regulation and antitrust: a particular dilemma

216

(3)

VII. Concluding observations

219

(4)

12. Re-regulating the Electricity and Gas Sector in the Netherlands: From Self-Regulation via State Regulation to Regulation via State Ownership

223

(20)

Martha M. Roggenkamp

I. Introduction

223

(1)

II. A brief history of the Dutch energy sector

224

(3)

III. The process of energy liberalization

227

(4)

IV. Safety regulation: moving from self-regulation to statutory legislation

231

(5)

V. Regulating the networks: from legal unbundling to ownership unbundling and state ownership control

236

(6)

VI. Conclusion

242

(1)

13. The European Electricity and Gas Regulatory Forums

243

(22)

Leigh Hancher and Iñigo DEL Guayo

I. Introduction and background

243

(2)

II. The 2003 legislative package: from principles to detailed rules (and back to principles)

245

(1)

III. The gas and electricity forums

245

(2)

IV. The electricity and gas guidelines

247

(4)

V. The substantive contributions of the forums

251

(6)

VI. The gas forum and TPA to storage facilities, line pack, and ancillary services

257

(1)

VII. Tariffs for TPA to gas transmission networks

258

(2)

VIII. Concluding remarks

260

(5)

PART 4: REGULATING DISPOSITION OF RIGHTS TO NATURAL RESOURCES

Introduction

265

(2)

14. State—Company Relations in Offshore Oil Exploitation: Regulatory and Contractual Analyses

267

(26)

Terence Daintith

I. Introduction

267

(2)

II. Managing the exploitation of oil and gas resources

269

(4)

III. Four petroleum regimes: economic background and legal expression

273

(8)

IV. Characterizing the regimes

281

(9)

V. Conclusions

290

(3)

15. Efficiency and Environmental Sustainability: Using Market Mechanisms for Water Resources Regulation in Australia

293

(22)

Lee Godden

I. Introduction

293

(1)

II. Reflexive systems and changing regulatory forms

294

(3)

III. Water resource utilization within Australia

297

(2)

IV. Water regulation and the reflexivity of efficiency

299

(1)

V. The advent of water resources reform

300

(2)

VI. Federal/state regulation of water resources

302

(2)

VII. The techniques of regulation

304

(1)

VIII. National Water Initiative (NWI)

304

(1)

IX. Water trading

305

(3)

X. NWI and state-based implementation

308

(3)

XI. Conclusion

311

(4)

PART 5: ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Introduction

315

(2)

16. Voluntary Approaches and Formal Regulation: Climate Change and Canada's Energy Sector

317

(18)

Alastair R. Lucas and Veronica Potes

I. Introduction and scope

317

(1)

II. The Canadian energy regulatory context

318

(10)

III. Voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction—VCR Inc case study

328

(5)

IV. Conclusion

333

(2)

17. Alternatives to Conventional Regulation in United States Environmental Law

335

(20)

George (Rock) Pring and Rick A. Feger

I. Introduction

335

(2)

II. The United States' fondness for command-control

337

(2)

III. The United States' experimentation with alternatives to command-control regulation

339

(14)

IV. Conclusion

353

(2)

18. The Use of Environmental Audits and Self-Regulation Schemes or Environmental Protection in Mexico

355

(16)

José Juan González Márquez

I. Introduction

355

(4)

II. Reflexive law theory

359

(2)

III. Environmental policy instruments in the Mexican nvironmental legal system

361

(5)

IV. Constitutional considerations about the use of reflexive law in the Mexican legal system

366

(2)

V. The real impact of reflexive law on the environment: the Guadalcázar and Coahuila cases

368

(1)

VI. The future of Mexican environmental policy

369

(2)

19. The Voluntary Initiative of the Japan Business Federation (Nippon Keidanren) in the Measures to Cope with Global Warming

371

(16)

Kazuhiro Nakatani

I. Introduction

371

(1)

II. Japan's commitment under the Kyoto Protocol

372

(1)

III. The Keidanren Global Environment Charter

373

(2)

IV. The Keidanren Charter of Corporate Behavior and Guidelines or Corporate Action

375

(1)

V. The Keidanren's Voluntary Action Plan on the Environment

376

(1)

VI. Measures to cope with global warming by industrial associations in Japan

377

(4)

VII. Emission trading in Japan and Japanese companies

381

(1)

VIII. Joint Implementation, Clean Development Mechanism, and Japanese companies

382

(1)

IX. Greenhouse gas emission reporting and reduction

383

(1)

X. Conclusion

383

(4)

PART 6: PULLING THE THREADS TOGETHER: AN OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENT STATE OF ENERGY AND RESOURCES REGULATION

20. Regulation Around the World

387

(14)

Donald N. Zillman

I. The Academic Advisory Group

387

(1)

II. North America

388

(1)

III. Europe

389

(5)

IV. Africa

394

(1)

V. Asia

395

(1)

VI. Some thoughts for the successful practitioner

396

(5)

21. Conclusions

401

(16)

Barry Barton, Lila K. Barrera-Hernández, Alastair R. Lucas, and Anita Rønne

I. The chapters and the broader context

401

(1)

II. Conventional regulation

402

(2)

III. Market-based approaches

404

(2)

IV. Decentred approaches

406

(7)

V. Law and the state

413

(2)

VI. Outlook

415

(2)

Index

417

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