Reichman and Hershfield's Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive, International Approach

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ISBN: 9780849392719 | 0849392713
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/1/2006

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Thoroughly examining tuberculosis from historical, theoretical, and clinical perspectives, this Third Edition merges state-of-the-art research developments with principles of programmatic TB management. Each of the 50 chapters analyze current studies on TB mechanisms and treatment and will meet the needs of all who work in the field of TB control, whether in low-income, high-prevalence areas or in low-prevalence industrialized countries.

Introduction

iii

Claude Lenfant

Historical Background

Lee B. Reichman

Earl S. Hershfield

Preface

vii

Acknowledgments

Contributors

xiii

PART A

SECTION I: BASIC ASPECTS OF TUBERCULOSIS

The Global Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scale, Dynamics, and Prospects for Control

(28)

Christopher Dye

Introduction

(1)

Global and Regional TB Epidemics: Scale and Dynamics

(4)

Tuberculosis Control

(2)

Chemotherapy and the DOTS Strategy

(2)

Implementation and Impact of DOTS, 1991 to 2005

(2)

Prospects for Tuberculosis Control, 2006 to 2015 and Beyond

(9)

Conclusion

(8)

References

(4)

Bacteriology of Tuberculosis

(18)

Fadila Boulahbal

Leonid Heifets

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

(3)

Bacterial Populations in Patients

(1)

Bacteriological Diagnosis of Tuberculosis

(2)

Methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identification

(3)

Detection of Drug Resistance

(9)

References

(5)

Genomics and Evolution of Tubercle Bacille

(18)

Veronique Vincent

Maria-Cristina Gutierrez

Roland Brosch

Introduction

(1)

The Genome Sequence and Biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(3)

Comparative Genomics and Evolution Within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

(1)

Evolution of Mycobacterium bovis BCG

(2)

Population Structure and Clonal Evolution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

(2)

Ecotypes Within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

(1)

Mycobacterium prototuberculosis: The Progenitor of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Orphan Clone

(2)

Conclusion

(6)

References

(5)

Epidemiology of Tuberculosis

(36)

Jacqueline S. Coberly

George W. Comstock

Introduction

(1)

Etiologic Epidemiology

(13)

Administrative Epidemiology

(13)

Conclusion

(9)

References

(9)

Overview of the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis from a Cellular and Molecular Perspective

101

(16)

Samuel C. Woolwine

William R. Bishai

Introduction

101

(2)

Infection

103

(3)

Host Response

106

(3)

Cavitary Tuberculosis

109

(1)

Latent Tuberculosis

110

(1)

Conclusion

111

(6)

References

112

(5)

The Human Host: Immunology and Susceptibility

117

(38)

S. K. Schwander

Jerrold J. Ellner

Introduction

117

(1)

The Natural History of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Humans

118

(1)

Human Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

119

(14)

Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Tuberculosis Development

133

(5)

Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

138

(17)

References

140

(15)

SECTION II: CLINICAL TUBERCULOSIS

Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

155

(28)

Phung K. Lam

Philip A. LoBue

Sharon Perry

Antonino Catanzaro

Introduction

155

(1)

Medical History and Physical Examination

156

(1)

The Tuberculin Skin Test

156

(1)

Interferon Release Assays

157

(1)

Chest Radiography

158

(1)

Respiratory Specimen Sampling: AFB Smear and Culture

159

(1)

Culture-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis

160

(1)

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

160

(1)

Clinical Use of Diagnostic Tests: Comparing Sensitivity and Specificity to PPV and NPV

160

(1)

Using Newer Diagnostic Tests: Incorporating Clinical Suspicion of Tuberculosis

161

(3)

Newer Diagnostic Tests: NAA Assays

164

(2)

A Proposed Diagnostic Algorithm for the Diagnosis of TB Using Clinical Suspicion of TB with NAA Testing

166

(2)

Creating New Diagnostic Tests Based on Older Technology: Serodiagnosis by Immunoassays

168

(3)

Conclusion

171

(12)

References

172

(11)

Treatment of Tuberculosis

183

(32)

Philip C. Hopewell

Tuberculosis Treatment as a Public Health Measure

183

(1)

History of Antituberculosis Chemotherapy

184

(1)

Antituberculosis Drugs

185

(10)

Promoting Adherence to Treatment

195

(1)

Current Treatment Regimens

196

(5)

Treatment in Special Situations

201

(3)

Adjunctive Treatments for Pulmonary Tuberculosis

204

(1)

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

205

(4)

New Drugs for Tuberculosis

209

(6)

References

210

(5)

Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection

215

(50)

Dick Menzies

T. Mark Doherty

Tuberculin Skin Testing

215

(27)

Chest X-ray (for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Infection)

242

(1)

Interferon-γ Release Assays

243

(5)

Conclusions

248

(17)

Glossary

250

(1)

References

251

(14)

Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection

265

(42)

David L. Cohn

Wafaa M. El-Sadr

Introduction

265

(1)

Efficacy of Treatment of LTBI

266

(13)

Safety and Tolerability of Treatment of LTBI

279

(7)

Treatment of LTBI in Special Populations

286

(2)

Recommendations for the Treatment of LTBI

288

(4)

Programmatic and Other Issues Related to the Treatment of LTBI

292

(4)

Future Directions

296

(1)

Conclusions

297

(10)

References

297

(10)

Childhood Tuberculosis

307

(38)

Flor M. Munoz

Jeffrey R. Starke

Introduction

307

(2)

Epidemiology

309

(5)

Pathogenesis

314

(2)

Clinical Forms of Pediatric Tuberculosis

316

(9)

Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children

325

(4)

Treatment

329

(7)

Summary

336

(9)

References

336

(9)

Tuberculosis in the Elderly

345

(26)

Peter D. O. Davies

Jean Woo

John Moore-Gillon

Introduction

345

(1)

The Aging Population

346

(1)

Epidemiology

346

(2)

Decline in Immunocompetence with Increasing Age

348

(3)

Tuberculosis in Special Situations

351

(2)

Clinical Presentation

353

(1)

Mortality

354

(2)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

356

(1)

Diagnosis

357

(1)

Treatment

358

(3)

Preventive Therapy

361

(1)

Case Reports

362

(4)

Conclusions

366

(5)

References

366

(5)

Tuberculosis-HIV Coinfection: Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects, and Interventions

371

(46)

Kathleen R. Page

Peter Godfrey-Faussett

Richard E. Chaisson

Introduction

371

(1)

Risk of Tuberculosis in Persons with HIV Infection

372

(2)

Prevalence of HIV Infection Among Patients with Tuberculosis

374

(1)

Influence of HIV Infection on the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis

375

(2)

Influence of Tuberculosis on the Course of HIV Infection

377

(1)

Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Infection and Disease

378

(7)

Treatment of Tuberculosis in Patients with HIV

385

(7)

Tuberculosis and HIV in Children

392

(2)

Tuberculosis Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Organisms

394

(2)

Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection

396

(3)

Programs and Interventions

399

(18)

References

404

(13)

Diagnosis and Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

417

(42)

Michael Leonard Rich

Introduction

417

(1)

History

417

(1)

Mechanisms of Resistance

418

(1)

Cross-Resistance

419

(1)

Pathogenicity, Transmissibility, and Drug Resistance

419

(3)

Preventing the Evolution and Transmission of Drug Resistance

422

(2)

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Diagnosis

424

(3)

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment

427

(18)

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and HIV (and Other Immunosuppressive States)

445

(2)

Factors Associated with Good Treatment Outcomes

447

(1)

Summary

448

(11)

References

449

(10)

Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

459

(24)

Mikhail I. Perelman

Historical Background

459

(3)

Indications for Surgery

462

(5)

Contraindications

467

(1)

Types of Operation

468

(11)

Conclusion

479

(4)

References

480

(3)

SECTION III: CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS---BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TOOLS

History of Tuberculosis Control

483

(18)

John A. Sbarbaro

Sergio Spinaci

Introduction

483

(1)

Compulsory Isolation and the Beginnings of TB Control in the United States

484

(1)

The Origins of the Tuberculosis Clinic

484

(1)

The Impact of Effective Chemotherapy

485

(1)

Nonadherence and the Introduction of Directly Observed Treatment

486

(1)

Preventive Treatment: Expanding the Role of Chemotherapy in the United States

487

(1)

The Tuberculin Skin Test

488

(1)

Tuberculosis Control in Europe

489

(2)

Tuberculosis Control in Developing Countries

491

(2)

Advancing the Goals of Tuberculosis Control

493

(2)

The Impact of Social Trends upon TB Control

495

(1)

Conclusion

496

(5)

References

497

(4)

Tuberculosis Control Interventions: A Stepwise Approach

501

(20)

Antonio Pio

Concepts of Tuberculosis Control, Elimination, and Eradication

501

(1)

Overview of Tuberculosis Control Interventions

502

(1)

The Global Stop TB Strategy

502

(2)

Case Management Intervention

504

(1)

Case Management Impact on the Risk of Infection

504

(1)

Case Management Impact on Morbidity Incidence

505

(1)

Case Management Impact on Case Fatality and Mortality

506

(1)

Specific Tuberculosis-Control Interventions Other than Case Management

507

(1)

Bacille Calmette-Guerin Immunization

507

(1)

Chemoprophylaxis

507

(2)

Nonspecific Tuberculosis-Control Interventions

509

(1)

A Stepwise Approach to Implementation of Tuberculosis-Control Interventions

510

(7)

Summary

517

(4)

References

517

(4)

The Laboratory Network in Tuberculosis Control in High-Prevalence Countries

521

(20)

Adalbert Laszlo

Isabel N. de Kantor

Richard Urbanczik

The Concept of Diagnosis in Tuberculosis Control

521

(2)

Diagnosis as a Strategy of the NTP

523

(2)

TB Laboratory Network Technical Profile

525

(1)

TB Laboratory Network Organizational Profile

525

(2)

Resources of the NTP Laboratory Network

527

(3)

Management of Laboratory Supplies

530

(1)

Training and Human Resource Development

531

(3)

Quality Assurance in the Laboratory Network

534

(3)

Evaluation

537

(4)

References

539

(2)

BCG Vaccines: History, Efficacy, and Policies

541

(14)

Anne Fanning

Mark FitzGerald

Introduction

541

(1)

History of Bacille Calmette Guerin Development

541

(1)

Vaccine Efficacy Trials

542

(6)

Global Immunization Practices

548

(1)

World Health Organization Bacille Calmette Guerin Policy

549

(2)

Hope for Future Vaccines

551

(4)

References

552

(3)

The Role of Contact Tracing in Low- and High-Prevalence Countries

555

(28)

Sue C. Etkind

Jaap Veen

Introduction

555

(1)

Definitions

556

(1)

Contact-Tracing Objectives

557

(1)

Contact Tracing in Low-Prevalence Countries

558

(10)

Contact Tracing in High-Prevalence Countries

568

(6)

New Technologies

574

(2)

Summary

576

(7)

References

577

(6)

Managing Tuberculosis Patients: The Centrality of Nurses

583

(14)

Virginia G. Williams

Chantelle Allen

Sirinapha Jittimanee

Introduction

583

(3)

Role of Nurses in Tuberculosis Control

586

(9)

Conclusion

595

(2)

References

595

(2)

Involving Community Members in Tuberculosis Care and Control

597

(20)

Dermot Maher

Jeroen van Gorkom

Francis Adatu-Engwau

Introduction

597

(1)

Definition of Terms

598

(1)

Background

599

(2)

Review of Published Experience

601

(5)

Principles of Community Contribution to Tuberculosis Care as Part of NTP Activities

606

(5)

The Future

611

(6)

References

613

(4)

Molecular Epidemiology: Its Role in the Control of Tuberculosis

617

(32)

Marcel A. Behr

Kevin Schwartzman

Introduction

617

(1)

IS6110-Based RFLP

618

(9)

Spoligotyping

627

(2)

Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units---Variable Number of Tandem Repeats

629

(2)

Molecular Epidemiology in Suspected Outbreaks

631

(2)

Community-Level Studies

633

(9)

Concluding Thoughts and Future Directions

642

(7)

References

644

(5)

Economic and Financial Aspects of Global Tuberculosis Control

649

(36)

Katherine Floyd

Introduction

649

(5)

Overview of Economic and Financial Analyses Related to TB Control Undertaken in Recent Years

654

(11)

Major Results from Two Recent Cost-Effectiveness Studies

665

(6)

Recent Trends in Financing of TB Control and Projected Needs for the Decade 2006-2015

671

(6)

What New Work Is Needed in the Next 5 to 10 Years?

677

(8)

References

680

(5)

Advancing and Advocating Tuberculosis Control Globally Through the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership

685

(20)

Petra I. Heitkamp

Marcos A. Espinal Fuentes

Introduction

685

(1)

Role of Partnerships and Advocacy

685

(2)

Advocacy, Communication, and Social Mobilization

687

(3)

The Stop Tuberculosis Partnership

690

(4)

Characteristics of a Successful Partnership

694

(7)

Conclusion

701

(4)

References

701

(4)

The Global Drug Facility: A Revolution in Tuberculosis Control

705

Virginia C. Arnold

Ian M. Smith

Introduction

705

(1)

History of the GDF

706

(1)

Operating Mechanisms of the GDF

707

(1)

Achievements

708

(3)

Future Challenges and Opportunities

711

(2)

Conclusion

713

References

714

Index

(1)

PART B

SECTION IV: CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS---TAILORING TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL

Fundamentals of Tuberculosis Control: The DOTS Strategy

717

(14)

Fabio Luelmo

Leopold Blanc

Donald A. Enarson

Introduction

717

(1)

Principles of Tuberculosis Control

718

(1)

A Strategy Called DOTS

719

(1)

How the DOTS Strategy Has Been Expanded: From the London Meeting to the Global DOTS Expansion Plan

720

(1)

The Expanded DOTS Framework for Effective Tuberculosis Control

721

(3)

The Success of the DOTS Strategy Well Applied

724

(2)

Threats to Progress in the Fight Against Tuberculosis and the Way Forward

726

(5)

References

727

(4)

Tuberculosis Control in the Countries of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union

731

(16)

Malgorzata Grzemska

Richard Zaleskis

Introduction

731

(1)

Historical Review of TB Control in the Countries of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union

732

(1)

Epidemiology

733

(3)

Adaptation to the International Standards

736

(1)

Applying International Standards

737

(1)

Policy Development with Examples from Countries

738

(1)

Challenges

739

(4)

Conclusions

743

(4)

References

743

(4)

Tuberculosis Control in Low-Prevalence Countries of Europe

747

(20)

Giovanni Battista Migliori

Rosella Centis

The Framework for Tuberculosis Control: An Evolving Strategy

747

(2)

Definitions

749

(1)

Context: New Challenges for Tuberculosis Control in Low-Incidence Countries

750

(5)

Aims of the Elimination Strategy

755

(1)

Approach to Control and Eliminate Tuberculosis

755

(3)

Prerequisites to Implementation of the European Framework

758

(5)

Conclusions

763

(4)

References

764

(3)

Tuberculosis in the United States: Toward Elimination?

767

(26)

Michael F. Iademarco

Kenneth G. Castro

Introduction

767

(1)

Factors Associated with the Tuberculosis Epidemic in the United States

768

(1)

The Response to the Epidemic and Associated Reversal in Trend

769

(6)

The Choice Between Elimination and Stagnation: Another Cycle of Neglect?

775

(1)

The Way Forward

776

(7)

Summary

783

(10)

References

784

(9)

Tuberculosis Transmission and Infection Control in Congregate Settings

793

(30)

Edward A. Nardell

Kevin P. Fennelly

Introduction

793

(3)

Tuberculosis Transmission

796

(7)

TB Infection Control in Low-Prevalence, Resource-Rich Settings

803

(8)

High-Risk, Resource-Limited Settings

811

(4)

TB Infection Control in Prisons

815

(1)

Summary

816

(7)

References

817

(6)

Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World

823

(22)

Francoise Portaels

Leen Rigouts

Isdore Chola Shamputa

Armand Van Deun

Mohamed Abdel Aziz

Introduction

823

(2)

Extent of the Worldwide Drug Resistance Problem

825

(7)

Drug-Resistance Surveillance

832

(2)

Causes of (Multi)drug Resistance and Risk Factors for Its Development

834

(4)

Role of the Laboratory Activities in Drug-Resistance Surveillance

838

(7)

References

840

(5)

Programmatic Control of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

845

(24)

Peter Cegielski

Kai Blondal-Vink

Kitty Lambregts-van Weezenbeek

Ernesto Jaramillo

Background and Introduction

845

(2)

Drug-Resistant TB: Definitions and Program Implications

847

(3)

Etiology of Drug Resistance and Program Implications

850

(1)

Epidemiology of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

851

(4)

The Global Response to Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

855

(3)

The Framework for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Control

858

(3)

Emerging Issues in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Control Programs

861

(3)

Summary and Conclusions

864

(5)

References

865

(4)

Tuberculosis Control and Migration

869

(38)

Suzanne Verver

Jaap Veen

Introduction

869

(1)

History of Migration of TB

870

(2)

Epidemiology

872

(12)

Contribution of Migration to Transmission in the Host Country

884

(1)

Interventions

885

(10)

Legal Aspects of TB Control Among Immigrants

895

(1)

Epilogue

895

(12)

References

896

(11)

Tuberculosis Control in Refugee and Displaced Populations

907

(14)

Michelle Gayer

Maire A. Connolly

Introduction

907

(1)

The Changing Context of Conflict Situations

908

(1)

Risk Factors

908

(1)

Burden of TB

909

(2)

Constraints to Implementing TB Control Programs for Refugee and Displaced Populations

911

(3)

Management of TB in Refugee and Displaced Populations

914

(1)

TB Control Successes in Refugee and Displaced Populations

915

(1)

Challenges for the Future

916

(1)

Conclusions

917

(4)

References

918

(3)

Tuberculosis Control in Prisons

921

(28)

Michael E. Kimerling

Introduction: Two Sides of the Wall

921

(1)

Access to Adequate TB Care and Human Rights in Prisons

922

(1)

Prisons as Special Communities

923

(1)

Epidemiology of TB in Prisons: The Convergence of Risk Groups and a Disproportionate Burden of Disease

923

(5)

The Revolving Door of Prisons and Links to the General Community

928

(2)

Establishing DOTS Programs in Prisons

930

(14)

Conclusions and Challenges Ahead

944

(5)

References

945

(4)

Tuberculosis Control in Mines

949

(18)

Gavin J. Churchyard

Elizabeth L. Corbett

Introduction

949

(1)

Epidemiology

950

(7)

Tuberculosis Control

957

(3)

Conclusion

960

(7)

References

961

(6)

SECTION V: NEW CHALLENGES FOR A NEW CENTURY

Programmatic Management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus--Associated Tuberculosis

967

(18)

Anthony D. Harries

Paul Nunn

Introduction

967

(1)

Global Burden of TB and HIV Infection

967

(1)

Current Interaction Between Tuberculosis and AIDS Programs

968

(4)

Strategic Work to Decrease the Burden of TB--HIV

972

(1)

Principles, Policies, and Guidelines for Implementing Collaborative TB--HIV Activities

972

(5)

General Overview of Initiatives to Scale Up Antiretroviral Treatment in Resource-Poor Countries

977

(2)

TB as an Entry Point to Antiretroviral Therapy: Benefits and Risks for TB Control

979

(6)

References

980

(5)

Engaging Private Providers in Tuberculosis Control: Public-Private Mix for DOTS

985

(20)

Mukund Uplekar

Knut Lonnroth

Introduction

985

(1)

Global Assessment

986

(3)

What Makes Public-Private Mix for DOTS Work?

989

(5)

Evidence Base

994

(4)

Economic Analysis

998

(1)

Scaling Up Public-Private Mix for DOTS

999

(2)

Public-Private Mix for DOTS and the Millennium Development Goals

1001

(4)

References

1002

(3)

Controlling Tuberculosis in Large Metropolitan Settings

1005

(24)

Knut Lonnroth

Matteo Zignol

Mukund Uplekar

Introduction

1005

(1)

Rapid Urbanization and Sprawling Slums

1006

(1)

Urban TB Epidemiology

1007

(3)

Major Barriers to TB Control in Large Cities

1010

(3)

Two Examples of TB Control in Large Cities

1013

(7)

A Provisional Framework for TB Control in Large Cities

1020

(9)

References

1024

(5)

Health Education and Social Mobilization in Tuberculosis Control

1029

(12)

Roberto Tapia-Conyer

Ernesto Jaramillo

Introduction

1029

(1)

Health Education in TB Control

1030

(2)

Social Mobilization in TB Control

1032

(3)

Promoting Social Mobilization: The Experience of the National TB Control Program of Mexico

1035

(2)

The Impact of Social Mobilization

1037

(4)

References

1038

(3)

Workforce Constraints in Tuberculosis Control

1041

(18)

Gijs Elzinga

Gilles Dussault

Jose I. Figueroa

Introduction

1041

(1)

Global Tuberculosis Control and Health Workforce Constraints

1041

(1)

Human Resources for Health Constraints and Tuberculosis Control Targets

1042

(3)

Positioning Tuberculosis Programs Within the Health System

1045

(4)

Strategies and Policies Required

1049

(6)

Conclusions

1055

(4)

References

1057

(2)

The Practical Approach to Lung Health Strategy for Integrated Respiratory Care

1059

(24)

Salah-Eddine Ottmani

Jaouad Mahjour

Introduction

1059

(1)

Burden of Respiratory Illnesses in Populations

1060

(1)

Demand of Care for and Management of TB and Other Respiratory Illnesses in PHC Settings

1061

(3)

Objectives of the PAL Strategy

1064

(1)

Components of the PAL Strategy

1065

(1)

Adaptation of the PAL Strategy

1066

(1)

Steps to Introduce the PAL Strategy in Countries

1067

(8)

Preliminary Results from Country Experiences

1075

(3)

Perspectives of the PAL Strategy

1078

(1)

Conclusion

1079

(4)

References

1080

(3)

The Responsibilities of Medical and Nursing Schools in Tuberculosis Care and Control in Countries with Medium and High Tuberculosis Incidence

1083

(14)

Pierre Chaulet

Noureddine Zidouni

Introduction

1083

(1)

The Social Responsibility of Training Institutes

1084

(1)

Limitations of the Traditional Approach to the Teaching of TB

1084

(1)

Introducing Innovative Teaching Techniques in TB Control

1085

(2)

Basic Training for Health-Care Workers

1087

(3)

Training of Trainers

1090

(3)

Participation in Continuous Training

1093

(1)

Building Partnerships to Assess the Impact of Training on the Performance of National Programs

1093

(1)

Enhancing the Quality of Training and Stemming the Outflow of Trained Staff

1094

(3)

References

1094

(3)

Tuberculosis in the Poverty Alleviation Agenda

1097

(18)

Christy L. Hanson

Diana E. C. Weil

Katherine Floyd

Introduction

1097

(2)

Associations Between TB and Poverty

1099

(7)

TB Control and the Poverty-Reduction Agenda

1106

(4)

Conclusions

1110

(5)

References

1111

(4)

SECTION VI: BUILDING THE FUTURE

New Diagnostics for Tuberculosis: An Essential Element for Global Control and Elimination

1115

(20)

Mark D. Perkins

Richard J. O'Brien

Introduction

1115

(1)

The Need for Improved Diagnostics

1116

(2)

Obstacles to TB Diagnostic Development

1118

(2)

TB Diagnostic Priorities

1120

(2)

Characteristics of Needed Tests

1122

(1)

TB Diagnostics Currently in the Development Pipeline

1122

(6)

Public-Private Partnerships and a Development Strategy

1128

(2)

Conclusion

1130

(5)

References

1130

(5)

New Drugs for Tuberculosis

1135

(18)

Ann Ginsberg

Melvin Spigelman

Introduction

1135

(1)

Treatment of Active Tuberculosis

1135

(1)

Treatment for MDR-TB

1136

(1)

Treatment of Active TB in Individuals Infected with HIV

1137

(1)

Treatment of Latent TB

1137

(1)

The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development

1137

(1)

The Drug Development Process

1138

(1)

The Emerging Global Tuberculosis Drug Portfolio

1139

(9)

Future Prospects in TB Drug Development

1148

(5)

References

1149

(4)

The Future of Tuberculosis Vaccinology

1153

(16)

Ruth Griffin

Douglas Young

The TB Vaccine Challenge: To Improve on Bacille Calmette-Guerin

1153

(2)

The Genome and New Vaccine Candidates

1155

(6)

Clinical Trials

1161

(8)

References

1164

(5)

Research Priorities in Tuberculosis

1169

(58)

Philip Onyebujoh

William Rodriguez

Alimuddin Zumla

Background and Introduction

1169

(7)

Specific TB Research Priority Areas

1176

(51)

References

1223

(4)

The New Stop TB Strategy of WHO: Reaching Global Targets

1227

Mukund Uplekar

Diana E. C. Weil

Mario C. Raviglione

Introduction

1227

(1)

Challenges and Opportunities

1228

(2)

Goals and Targets

1230

(2)

Components of the Stop TB Strategy

1232

(9)

Measuring Global Progress and Impact

1241

(2)

Conclusion

1243

References

1244

Index

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Reichman and Hershfield's Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive, International Approach

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