The Reluctant Welfare State American Social Welfare Policies: Past, Present, and Future (with InfoTrac)

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ISBN: 9780534365516 | 0534365515
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/26/2000

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Readers will find discussion of these issues and more in this comprehensive, scholarly introduction to social welfare policy in the United States. This book challenges readers to think critically about issues, developments, and policies both in past eras and in contemporary society. Throughout the book, the author invites readers to become policy practitioners and advocates and to develop their own "policy identities".

Preface

Social Reform in a Society with Conflicting Tendencies

(12)

A Reluctant Welfare State

(1)

The Controversial Nature of Social Policy

(5)

Using Social Policy History to Develop a Policy Identity

(2)

Policy Eras in U.S. History

(3)

Notes

(1)

A Framework for Understanding the Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State

(15)

The Two-Sided Context

(2)

Developing Proposals to Address Social Problems

(1)

The Role of Political Processes in Creating a Reluctant Welfare State

(2)

Policy Choices

(1)

Processes of Implementation

(1)

Evaluating Social Policies in the Past and in the Present

(5)

Evaluating Specific Policies with Reference to Outcomes

(1)

Ethical Reasoning from First Principles

(3)

Relativism

(1)

Toward Ethical Reasoning: An Eclectic Approach

(3)

Notes

(1)

Fashioning a New Society in the Wilderness

(35)

The Feudal Inheritance

(2)

Social Policy in Medieval Society

(1)

The Gradual Unraveling of Feudalism

(3)

Policy Choices in the Period of Transition

(3)

Positive Policies

(2)

Punitive Policies

(1)

The American Colonists

(3)

Patterns of Continuity

(2)

Patterns of Change

(1)

The American Revolution as Catalyst

(2)

From Revolution to Limited Government

(2)

Legitimating Limited Government

(1)

Positive Responses to Social Need

(1)

Punitive Policies

(1)

Harsh Treatment of Outgroups

(10)

The Native Americans

(5)

African Slaves

(3)

The Status of Women

(2)

Ominous Signs

(2)

Precursors to a Reluctant Welfare State

(4)

Notes

(3)

Social Welfare Policy in the Early Republic: 1789-1860

(28)

Social Realities in the New Nation

(1)

Immigration and Urbanization

(2)

A Moral Crusade

(3)

Social Reform Policies

(11)

Temperance

(2)

Antipauperism Strategies

(4)

Character-Building Institutions

(2)

Opportunity-Enhancing Policies

(2)

Radical Movements: Conspicuous by Their Absence

(1)

Outgroups in the Early Republic

(6)

Irish Immigrants

(2)

The Status of Women

(4)

Precursors of the Reluctant Welfare State

(3)

Notes

(3)

Lost Opportunities: The Frontier, the Civil War, and Industrialization

(32)

Policy at the Frontier

(7)

Land Policy

(1)

Conquest and Persecution

(4)

Finding Laborers

(1)

Appraisal of Frontier Policy

(1)

The Civil War and Freed Slaves: An Exercise in Futility?

(12)

Origins of the Civil War

100

(5)

Social Policy During the War

105

(1)

Reconstruction

106

(4)

Women, Policy, and the War

110

(1)

Social Policy and Industrialization

111

(8)

Industralization Before the Civil War

111

(1)

Industralization During the Gilded Age

112

(3)

The Failure of Regulation

115

(4)

The Absence of a Welfare State

119

(4)

Notes

120

(3)

Social Reform in the Progressive Era

123

(43)

Realities in Industrial Society

124

(4)

The Genesis of Reform

128

(7)

Catalytic Events

129

(2)

Intellectual Ferment and Public Opinion

131

(4)

The Specter of Social Unrest

135

(1)

Regulatory Reforms in the Progressive Era

135

(2)

The Limited Social Programs of the Progressive Era

137

(4)

Policy Reforms for Women and Children

137

(2)

Private Philanthropy

139

(1)

Other Policy Reforms

140

(1)

The Limited Nature of Progressives' Social Reforms

141

(1)

Cultural and Policy Realities That Limited Reform

141

(2)

Political Realities That Limited Reform

143

(2)

Women and Children: Seizing the Opportunity

145

(1)

Social Reformers and the Bull Moose Campaign of 1912

145

(4)

Outgroups in the Progressive Era

149

(7)

People of Color

149

(4)

Women and Politics

153

(2)

Immigrants and the Closing of the Doors

155

(1)

The Resilience of Jane Addams and Her Allies

156

(1)

The Emergence of Social Work

157

(4)

The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State

161

(5)

Notes

162

(4)

The Early Stages of the New Deal

166

(27)

The 1920s

167

(2)

The Period of Denial: 1929-1933

169

(3)

The Era of Emergency Reforms: 1933-1935

172

(16)

Forces That Promoted Major Reforms

172

(2)

Forces That Limited Roosevelt's Initial Policy Initiatives

174

(3)

Emergency Relief

177

(7)

Reform of the Economic System

184

(4)

Emergency or Permanent Programs?

188

(1)

The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State

189

(4)

Notes

190

(3)

Institutionalizing the New Deal

193

(35)

Toward Ongoing Programs

194

(5)

Liberal Forces

194

(4)

Conservative Pressures on Roosevelt

198

(1)

Legislation in the Second Half of the New Deal

199

(9)

The Social Security Act

199

(5)

Labor and Public Works Legislation

204

(4)

The Era of Stalemate: 1937-1941

208

(2)

Policies During the Era of Stalemate

210

(2)

Outgroups in the New Deal

212

(8)

African Americans

213

(3)

Women

216

(1)

Latinos

217

(1)

Asian Americans

218

(2)

Social Workers in the New Deal

220

(3)

The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State

223

(5)

Notes

225

(3)

The Era of Federal Social Services: The New Frontier and the Great Society

228

(46)

World War II, the Postwar Era, and the 1950s

229

(6)

The Failure of Social Reform in the Truman Era

229

(4)

Eisenhower and the Conservative 1950s

233

(2)

The Turn Toward Reform

235

(2)

Domestic Policy During the Kennedy Presidency

237

(8)

Poverty and Civil Rights: Toward Reform

239

(4)

The Course of Reform: Failures and Successes

243

(2)

Kennedy and Johnson: A Study in Contrast

245

(3)

Johnson's Social Welfare Legacy

248

(7)

Civil Rights Legislation

248

(1)

Earl Warren and the Supreme Court

248

(1)

Medicare and Medicaid

249

(2)

Aid to Education

251

(1)

The War on Poverty, Welfare Reforms, and Food Stamps

252

(3)

The Beleaguered President: 1967-1968

255

(4)

Outgroups in the 1960s

259

(8)

Women

259

(2)

Gay Men and Lesbians

261

(2)

Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans

263

(1)

Latinos

263

(1)

Native Americans

264

(2)

Asian Americans

266

(1)

People of Color in the Urban Ghettoes

266

(1)

Social Work in the 1960s

267

(1)

The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State

268

(6)

Notes

269

(5)

The Paradoxical Era: 1968-1980

274

(32)

Richard Nixon: Political Opportunist

275

(2)

Nixon's Strategy: Floating Coalitions and Outbidding

277

(1)

From Strategy to Policy

278

(8)

Welfare Policy

278

(4)

Social Security

282

(1)

Revenue Sharing and Social Services

282

(2)

Civil Rights

284

(1)

Health Policy and Other Legislation

285

(1)

Nixon's Shift from Reform to Conservatism

286

(5)

The Brief Reign of Gerald Ford

291

(1)

Jimmy Carter: Outsider in the White House

291

(4)

Carter's Domestic Legislation

292

(3)

Carter's Fall

295

(1)

The Hidden Social Spending Revolution of the 1970s

295

(2)

Why Was the Spending Revolution Hidden?

297

(1)

Outgroups in the 1970s

298

(3)

The Women's Movement

298

(1)

The Mobilization of New Sets of Outgroups

299

(1)

The 1970s as a Revolution in Rights

300

(1)

The Beginnings of Backlash

301

(1)

The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State

301

(5)

Notes

302

(4)

The Conservative Counterrevolution in the Era of Reagan and Bush

306

(45)

The Ascendancy of Conservatism

307

(7)

The Legitimation of Conservatism

309

(1)

Ronald Reagan as Catalyst

310

(1)

Reagan's Emergency as a National Hero

311

(1)

Supply-Side Economics: A Positive Way to Be Negative

312

(1)

The Campaign of 1980: Two Styles

313

(1)

The Reagan Policy Blitzkrieg

314

(11)

The Triumph of Conservatism

319

(1)

OBRA, Tax Reductions, and Deregulation

319

(1)

Reagan's Loss of Momentum

320

(2)

Social Security, Job Training, and Medicare

322

(2)

Moral Reforms

324

(1)

Stalemate

325

(1)

The Election of 1984

325

(1)

Reagan's Second Term

325

(1)

Passing the Torch: From Reagan to Bush

326

(2)

Social Policies of the Bush Administration

328

(3)

Social Spending and the Politics of the Budget

328

(1)

Domestic Reforms

329

(2)

Outgroups in the Era of Reagan and Bush

331

(13)

Predictions Come True

332

(1)

Poverty and People of Color

332

(1)

Immigrants

333

(1)

Gay Men and Lesbians

334

(1)

People with Disabilities

335

(1)

Women

336

(3)

Children

339

(2)

Aging Americans

341

(1)

Homeless Americans

342

(1)

The Erosion of Rights

343

(1)

The Social Work Profession

344

(1)

The Evolution of the Reluctant Welfare State

345

(6)

Notes

346

(5)

Reluctance Illustrated: Policy Uncertainty During the Clinton Administration

351

(56)

The Ascendance of Bill Clinton

352

(3)

The Search for the Real Bill Clinton

352

(1)

The Search for the New Democrat

352

(3)

The Presidential Campaign of 1992

355

(1)

Clinton's Grim Options

356

(2)

From Social Investment to Deficit Reduction

358

(7)

Developing an Economic Package

358

(1)

A Brief Digression: the Budget Process

359

(2)

The Demise of the Stimulus Package

361

(1)

Early Warning Signs

362

(1)

The Sacrifice of Social Investments

363

(2)

The Second Year: Anticrime Legislation But No Health Reform

365

(4)

The Fight for Health Reform

365

(3)

Anticrime Legislation

368

(1)

Building a Revolution Within the Counterrevolution

369

(2)

The House Republicans Take Charge

371

(1)

The Budget Confrontation of 1995

371

(12)

Toward a Budget Resolution

373

(3)

Toward a Reconciliation Bill

376

(1)

Welfare Reform

376

(5)

Medicare and Medicaid

381

(1)

Taxes

382

(1)

Discretionary Spending: Social Programs and Military Spending

383

(1)

Clinton's Zigzag Course in Late 1995 and 1996

383

(5)

Clinton's Second Term

388

(6)

Outgroups

394

(9)

Affirmative Action

394

(2)

Immigration

396

(1)

Children

397

(2)

Women

399

(3)

Gay Men and Lesbians

402

(1)

Reluctance Illustrated

403

(4)

Notes

404

(3)

Why Has the American Welfare State Been Reluctant?

407

(27)

Manifestations of Reluctance

407

(3)

Contextual Causes of Reluctance

410

(13)

Cultural Factors

411

(1)

Doing Harm by Doing Good

411

(2)

Problems and Panaceas

413

(1)

The Misleading Analogy of the Fair Footrace

414

(1)

Beliefs About Markets and Government

415

(1)

Beliefs About Equality

416

(1)

Economic Factors

416

(1)

Low Levels of Taxation

416

(2)

Military Spending

418

(1)

Institutional Factors

419

(1)

Jurisdictional Confusion

419

(1)

Social Factors

420

(1)

Racism and Prejudice

420

(2)

The Sequence of Events

422

(1)

The Late Development of the American Welfare State

422

(1)

The Military State Precedes the Welfare State

422

(1)

Legal Factors

423

(1)

Political Processes

423

(5)

Absence of a Powerful Radical Tradition

423

(2)

Nonvoters

425

(1)

The Power of American Conservatives

425

(1)

Moral Crusades

426

(1)

A Rigged System

427

(1)

Reluctance as the Outcome of Numerous Factors

428

(1)

Some Interpretive Challenges

429

(2)

Variations Between Eras and Issues

429

(1)

Gauging Missing Factors

430

(1)

Barriers to Social Reform in Other Nations

430

(1)

Some Redeeming Features of the American Welfare State

431

(1)

From Determinism to Social Action

432

(2)

Notes

432

(2)

Policy Perspectives: Past, Present, and Future

434

(23)

The Case Against the Welfare State

434

(2)

The Case For the Welfare State

436

(3)

Missed Opportunities

439

(1)

Admitting Errors

440

(1)

The Limitations of Public Policy

440

(1)

Would Conservatives' Policies Solve Major Social Problems?

441

(7)

Reducing Social Spending

441

(1)

Delegating Policy Responsibilities to State and Local Government

442

(1)

Privatizing Social Services

443

(1)

Seeking Nongovernmental Substitutes for Publicly Funded Programs

443

(1)

Deterrent Policies

444

(1)

Relying on Personal Responsibility

445

(1)

Social Welfare in the Context of Globalization and Technology into the New Millennium

445

(3)

The Social Reform Tradition in American History

448

(3)

Toward Policy Practice and Policy Advocacy

451

(6)

Participating in Social Movements

452

(1)

Establishing Advocacy Organizations

452

(1)

Seeking Social Reforms from Within the Government

452

(1)

Educating the Public as a Prelude to Social Reforms

452

(1)

Electing Reform-Oriented Candidates to Office

453

(1)

Influencing Policy from Organizational Settings

453

(1)

Whistleblowers

453

(1)

Moving Beyond History

454

(1)

Notes

454

(3)

Name Index

457

(3)

Subject Index

460

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The Reluctant Welfare State American Social Welfare Policies: Past, Present, and Future (with InfoTrac)

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