Repair, Protection and Waterproofing of Concrete Structures, Third Edition

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ISBN: 9780419202806 | 0419202803
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/1997

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A wealth of recent research into the continued deterioration of reinforced concrete structures has led to a review of methods of investigation and repair techniques. This thoroughly revised and updated edition brings together the fundamental aspects of this world wide problem and offers advice on how investigations, diagnosis and consequent remedial work should be carried out.

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

xvi

Preface to the Third Edition

xviii

General observations

(14)

Introduction

(1)

The responsibilities of the engineer or other professionals

(1)

Basic procedure for investigations - litigation not involved

(1)

Procedure when litigation is contemplated

(2)

The engineer as an expert witness

(3)

The preparation of specifications

(1)

The contract documents

(1)

Invitations to tender

(1)

Insurance-backed guarantees and warrantees

(1)

National and European Standards and Codes of Practice

(1)

Health and Safety regulations and product specification

(2)

Definitions

(1)

References

(1)

Further reading

(2)

Basic characteristics of concrete and mortar and their constituent and associated materials

(30)

Introduction

(1)

Constituent materials

(1)

Portland cements

(2)

The action of acids on Portland cement

(1)

Solutions of sulphates and their effect on Portland cement

(1)

The effect of solutions of chlorides on Portland cement

(1)

High alumina cements (HAC)

(2)

Corrosion-resistant cement

(1)

Aggregates from natural sources for concrete and mortar

(1)

Admixtures

(4)

Accelerators

(1)

Set retarders

(1)

Water-reducing admixtures/workability aids/plasticizers

(1)

Superplasticizing admixtures

(1)

Air entraining admixtures

(1)

Pigments

(1)

Additions

(3)

Pulverized fuel ash (pfa)

(1)

Ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs)

(1)

Condensed silica fume

(1)

Polymers

(1)

Water for mixing concrete and mortar

(1)

Associated materials

(1)

Steel reinforcement

(3)

Galvanized reinforcement

(1)

Fusion-bonded epoxy-coated reinforcement

(1)

Stainless-steel reinforcement

(1)

Spacers

(1)

Corrosion inhibitors

(1)

Non-ferrous metals in concrete

(2)

Aluminium and aluminium alloys

(1)

Copper

(1)

Phosphor-bronze

(1)

Brass

(1)

Lead

(1)

Zinc

(1)

Joint fillers and sealants

(1)

Joint fillers

(1)

Sealants

(2)

In situ compounds

(1)

Preformed sealants

(1)

Reactive resins

(2)

Introduction

(1)

Epoxy resins

(1)

Polyester resins

(1)

Polyurethane resins

(1)

Polymerized concrete

(1)

Curing compounds for concrete and mortar

(2)

Spray-applied membranes

(1)

Sheet materials

(1)

Wet/water curing

(1)

Reference

(1)

Further reading

(3)

Factors affecting the durability of reinforced concrete

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete

(4)

Introduction

(1)

Development of cracks in concrete

(1)

High permeability and/or high porosity

(1)

Cover coat of concrete or mortar

(1)

Carbonation of concrete

(1)

Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement

(1)

Stray electric currents

(1)

Deterioration of the concrete

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Physical damage

(3)

Abrasion

(1)

Freeze-thaw

(1)

Thermal shock

(1)

High-velocity water

(1)

Cavitation

(1)

Water containing abrasive matter in suspension

(1)

Impact from a high-velocity water jet

(1)

Chemical attack on concrete

(11)

Introduction

(1)

Attack by acids

(1)

Ammonium compounds

(1)

Magnesium compounds

(1)

Sulphates

(1)

Chlorides

(1)

Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)

(1)

Distilled and demineralized water

(1)

Moorland waters

(1)

Sea water

(1)

Sewage - domestic and trade effluents

(1)

Various compounds

(1)

Fruit and vegetable juices

(1)

Milk and dairy products

(1)

Sugar

(1)

Petroleum oils

(1)

Urea

(1)

Alkali-silica reaction

(2)

Summary of ASR problem

(1)

Reference

(1)

Further reading

(2)

Investigation and diagnosis of defects in reinforced concrete

(23)

Introduction

(1)

General outline of the procedure

(1)

Initial discussions and preliminary inspection

(1)

Detailed inspection, sampling and testing

(1)

The engineer's report to the client

(1)

The preliminary inspection

(1)

Detailed inspection, sampling and testing

(7)

Introduction

(1)

The number, location and type of samples

(1)

Depth of carbonation

(1)

Type and grading of aggregate

(1)

Cement content of the concrete

(1)

Cement type

(1)

Chloride content of the concrete

(1)

Sulphate content of the concrete

(1)

Assessment of voids and compaction of the concrete

(1)

Honeycombed concrete

(1)

Additional tests on the concrete

(1)

Original water content

(1)

Water absorption

(1)

Initial surface absorption test (ISAT)

(1)

Rebound hammer test

(1)

Ultrasonic pulse velocity tests

(1)

Radar (impulse radar)

(1)

Tests for the detection and diagnosis of reinforcement corrosion

(5)

General considerations

(1)

Depth of carbonation

(1)

Cracks and crack patterns

(1)

Cover-meter surveys

(1)

The half-cell potential measurements

(2)

Determination of loss of section of rebars due to corrosion

(1)

Radiography

(1)

Cracking in reinforced concrete structures

(7)

General considerations

(1)

Structural cracking

(1)

Non-structural cracking

(3)

Drying shrinking cracking

(1)

Thermal contraction cracking

(2)

Map-pattern cracking (crazing)

(1)

Cracking due to bad workmanship

(1)

Cracking due to alkali-silica reaction

(1)

Diagnosis of non-structural defects

(1)

Introduction

(1)

The engineer's report to the client

(1)

Further reading

(1)

Non-structural repairs to reinforced concrete

(11)

Definition

(1)

Preparations for remedial work

(2)

Contract documents

(1)

Tendering

(1)

The execution of the repairs

(7)

Preparatory work

(2)

Grouting (bond coat)

(1)

The mortar mix

(1)

The application of the mortar

(1)

Curing

(1)

Finishing procedures

(1)

Repairing non-structural cracks with grout or mortar

(1)

Repairing 'live' cracks

(1)

Repairs to honeycombed concrete

(1)

Further reading

(2)

Structural repairs to reinforced concrete

101

(1)

Part 1 General building structures

101

(15)

Introduction

101

(1)

Definition of failure

102

(1)

Investigations for structural defects

102

(4)

Introduction

102

(1)

Indications of structural defects

102

(1)

Investigation procedure

103

(1)

Impulse radar survey

103

(1)

Core testing for strength

104

(1)

Load tests

105

(1)

Repair methods

106

(1)

Crack injection

106

(4)

Introduction

106

(1)

Essential features of crack injection

106

(1)

The injection process

107

(1)

Preparation of the cracks prior to injection

107

(1)

Location of injection points and surface sealing

107

(1)

Injection of the resin

107

(3)

Final work following injection

110

(1)

Repairs using epoxy-bonded steel plates

110

(1)

Introduction

110

(1)

Information on the technique

110

(1)

The use of fibre-reinforced plastics

111

(1)

Carbon fibre composites

111

(1)

Cathodic protection of reinforcement

111

(3)

Introduction

111

(1)

General principles of cathodic protection

112

(2)

Re-alkalization and chloride extraction

114

(1)

Introduction

114

(1)

Re-alkalization

114

(1)

Chloride extraction/removal

114

(1)

Monitoring corrosion of rebars after completion of repairs

115

(1)

Part 2 Repairs to fire-damaged concrete buildings

116

(6)

Introduction

116

(1)

Preliminary assessment

117

(1)

The effect of fire on concrete and steel reinforcement

117

(2)

On-site testing

119

(1)

Execution of repairs

120

(2)

Repair materials and execution of work

120

(2)

Part 3 Repairs to concrete highway bridges

122

(11)

Introduction

122

(1)

Investigations

123

(3)

Sampling and testing

126

(1)

Cracks and cracking

127

(2)

Causes of cracking

127

(1)

Corrosion of rebars

127

(1)

Corrosion of prestressing cables

127

(1)

Defects in deck membrane and joints

128

(1)

Failure or partial failure of movement joints and bearings

128

(1)

Alkali-silica reaction

129

(1)

Repairs

130

(3)

Patch repairs

130

(1)

Cathodic protection

130

(1)

Joints and bearings

130

(1)

Waterproof membranes

131

(1)

Strengthening with epoxy-bonded steel plates

131

(1)

Post-tensioned bridges

132

(1)

Remedial work for ASR damage

132

(1)

Part 4 Repair of concrete silos and bunkers

133

(19)

Introduction

133

(1)

Investigations

133

(2)

Examples of repair

135

(2)

References

137

(1)

Further reading

137

(4)

Coatings (barrier systems) for reinforced concrete

141

(11)

Introduction

141

(2)

Coating materials in general use

143

(1)

Material types

143

(1)

Desirable characteristics

143

(1)

Reasons for using coatings as part of concrete repairs

143

(1)

Basic requirements for the application of all coatings

144

(1)

Coatings for use after general repairs to concrete

145

(3)

Coating over cracks

148

(1)

Coatings to resist the ingress of chloride ions

148

(1)

Coatings (barrier systems) to protect concrete against chemical attack

149

(1)

Coatings to inhibit the formation of efflorescence

150

(1)

Reference

150

(1)

Further reading

151

(1)

Repairs to concrete floors and roofs

152

(1)

Introduction to Parts 1 and 2

152

(1)

Part 1 Repairs to concrete floors

152

(19)

Investigations

152

(1)

Diagnosis and recommendations for repair

153

(13)

Surface wear abrasion

154

(1)

Patch repairs

154

(2)

New topping or over-slab

156

(1)

Dampness in ground-supported floor slabs

157

(1)

Thermal insulation

158

(1)

Crazing or `map cracking'

159

(1)

Slippery floor surface

159

(1)

Cracks

160

(1)

Defective joints

161

(1)

Defective areas caused by chemical attack

162

(1)

Debonding/loss of adhesion of toppings

163

(1)

Defects in the ground support to industrial floors

163

(3)

Special problems

166

(3)

Seepage of liquids through the slab

166

(1)

Wet trades

166

(1)

Balconies and external suspended accessways

167

(2)

Floors of multi-storey car parks

169

(2)

Part 2 Repairs to concrete roofs

171

(7)

Introduction

171

(1)

Investigations

172

(2)

Types of construction

172

(1)

Inspection

172

(2)

Diagnosis

174

(1)

Remedial work

174

(2)

Patch repairs

174

(1)

Repairs to joints

174

(1)

Complete refurbishment

174

(2)

Further reading

176

(2)

Repairs to concrete structures

178

(1)

Part 1 Repairs to concrete liquid-retaining structures

178

(22)

Introduction

178

(1)

Investigations

178

(13)

Testing for leakage (liquid loss)

179

(3)

Roof leakage

182

(1)

Location of leakage

183

(1)

Infiltration

183

(1)

Corrosion of reinforcement

184

(1)

Chemical attack on the concrete

185

(1)

Hydrogen sulphide corrosion

186

(1)

Sludge digestion tanks

187

(1)

Damage to concrete by freeze-thaw

187

(1)

Alkali-silica reaction

187

(1)

Sampling and testing

188

(3)

Impulse radar survey

191

(1)

Diagnosis

191

(1)

Repairs and remedial work

191

(7)

Work required to remedy/reduce leakage/infiltration

191

(1)

Remedial work to joints

192

(1)

Remedial work to cracks

193

(1)

Remedial work to spalled concrete

194

(1)

Honeycombed concrete

195

(1)

Remedial work required by hydrogen sulphide corrosion

196

(1)

Introduction

196

(1)

Repair methods

197

(1)

Repairs to roof slabs

198

(1)

Special repair methods

198

(2)

Cathodic protection

198

(1)

Chloride extraction

199

(1)

Re-alkalization of concrete

199

(1)

Part 2 Repairs to concrete water-excluding structures

200

(10)

Introduction

200

(2)

Tracing infiltration and dampness/condensation

202

(2)

Infiltration

202

(1)

Dampness/condensation

202

(2)

Repair methods

204

(2)

General considerations: basements

204

(1)

Repairs to honeycombed concrete

205

(1)

Repairs to cracks and joints

205

(1)

Chloride induced corrosion of rebars

206

(1)

General considerations

206

(1)

Cathodic protection

206

(1)

Other remedial measures: basements

206

(2)

Control of ground water level

206

(1)

Grouting the sub-soil for ground water control

207

(1)

Improvements to floor drainage

207

(1)

Control of vapour transmission

207

(1)

Pedestrian subways

208

(2)

Part 3 Repairs to concrete marine structures

210

(12)

Introduction

210

(1)

Consideration of the problems

210

(3)

The salts (sulphates and chlorides) in sea water

211

(1)

Chlorides from sea water in concrete

212

(1)

Causes of deterioration

213

(4)

Physical damage

213

(1)

Corrosion of steel reinforcement

214

(2)

Chemical attack

216

(1)

Investigations

217

(1)

Methods of repair

218

(2)

General

218

(1)

Cathodic protection

219

(1)

Further reading

220

(2)

Index

222

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Repair, Protection and Waterproofing of Concrete Structures, Third Edition

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