Research In Education

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ISBN: 9780205458400 | 0205458408
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/17/2005

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This text provides comprehensive coverage of research methods and statistics in a readable and student-friendly format. A wide variety of methodologies including descriptive, experimental and quasi-experimental research, historical studies, qualitative methods, and single subject designs are covered. A complete range of research tools as well as descriptive and inferential statistics are also included, making this text the definitive resource for introductory research courses.Research in Educationis divided into three parts: Part I, "Introduction to Educational Research," focuses on the purpose of research, hypotheses, ethics in research, developing a research problem, and writing proposals and reports; Part II, "Research Methods," is unique in that it integrates chapters on qualitative research methods, historical research and single-subject methods with the more typical chapters on experimental methods; and Part III, "Data Analysis," includes both descriptive and inferential statistics, as well as examples of analyses using a computer.

Preface

Using Research Navigator™

xiii

PART I Introduction to Educational Research: Definitions, Research Problems, Proposals, and Report Writing

(78)

1 Fundamentals of Research

(25)

Why Should You Study Research?

(1)

The Search for Knowledge

(4)

Science

(2)

The Role of Theory

(1)

Operational Definitions of Variables

(1)

The Hypothesis

(2)

The Research Hypothesis

(1)

The Null Hypothesis (Ho)

(1)

Populations and Sampling

(7)

Populations

(1)

Sampling

(1)

Randomness

(1)

The Simple Random Sample

(1)

Random Numbers

(3)

The Systematic Sample

(1)

The Stratified Random Sample

(1)

The Area or Cluster Sample

(1)

Nonprobability Samples

(1)

Sample Size

(1)

Purposes of Research

(2)

Fundamental or Basic Research

(1)

Applied Research

(1)

Action Research

(1)

Descriptive Research, Assessment, and Evaluation

(1)

Types of Educational Research

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

References

(1)

2 Selecting a Problem and Preparing a Research Proposal

(32)

The Academic Research Problem

(6)

Levels of Research Projects

(1)

Sources of Problems

(3)

Evaluating the Problem

(2)

Using the Library

(1)

Finding Related Literature

(1)

References and Bibliography

(1)

Fair Use of Copyrighted Materials

(1)

The Research Proposal

(5)

A Sample Proposal Format

(5)

The First Research Project

(3)

Submitting to a Funding Agency

(1)

Thesis Proposal

(1)

Ethics in Human Experimentation

(10)

History of Research Ethics

(5)

Regulations

(2)

From Regulations to Practice

(2)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(1)

References

(1)

3 The Research Report

(19)

Style Manuals

(1)

Format of the Research Report

(4)

Main Body of the Report

(3)

References and Appendices

(1)

The Thesis or Dissertation

(1)

Style of Writing

(1)

Reference Form

(2)

Pagination

(1)

Tables

(1)

Figures

(5)

The Line Graph

(2)

The Bar Graph or Chart

(1)

The Circle, Pie, or Sector Chart

(1)

Maps

(1)

Organization Charts

(1)

Evaluating a Research Report

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(1)

PART II Research Methods

(272)

4 Historical Research

(35)

Purpose of Historical Research on American Education

(3)

History and Science

(2)

Historical Generalization

(1)

The Historical Hypothesis

(2)

Hypotheses in Educational Historical Research

(1)

Difficulties Encountered in Historical Research

(1)

Sources of Data

(2)

Primary Sources of Data

(1)

Primary Sources of Educational Data

(1)

Secondary Sources of Data

(1)

Historical Criticism

(5)

External Criticism

(1)

Internal Criticism

(3)

Examples of Topics for Educational Historical Study

(2)

Writing the Historical Report

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

100

(1)

References

100

(2)

Sample Article

102

(16)

5 Descriptive Studies: Assessment, Evaluation, and Research

118

(46)

Assessment Studies

120

(8)

The Survey

121

(1)

Social Surveys

122

(1)

Public Opinion Surveys

123

(2)

National Center for Education Statistics

125

(1)

International Assessment

126

(1)

Activity Analysis

127

(1)

Trend Studies

127

(1)

Evaluation Studies

128

(4)

School Surveys

128

(1)

Program Evaluation

129

(3)

Assessment and Evaluation in Problem Solving

132

(1)

Descriptive Research

133

(5)

Causal-Comparative Research

134

(4)

Correlational Research

138

(1)

The Follow-Up Study

138

(3)

Other Descriptive Research

140

(1)

Replication and Secondary Analysis

141

(3)

The Post Hoc Fallacy

144

(2)

Summary

146

(1)

Exercises

146

(1)

References

147

(3)

Sample Article

150

(14)

6 Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research

164

(52)

Early Experimentation

165

(1)

Experimental and Control Groups

166

(1)

Variables

167

(2)

Independent and Dependent Variables

167

(1)

Confounding Variables

168

(1)

Controlling Extraneous Variables

169

(2)

Experimental Validity

171

(6)

Threats to Internal Experimental Validity

172

(3)

Threats to External Experimental Validity

175

(2)

Experimental Design

177

(19)

Pre-Experimental Designs

177

(2)

True Experimental Designs

179

(4)

Quasi-Experimental Designs

183

(9)

Factorial Designs

192

(4)

Summary

196

(1)

Exercises

197

(1)

References

198

(2)

Sample Article

200

(16)

7 Single-Subject Experimental Research

216

(30)

General Procedures

218

(4)

Repeated Measurement

218

(1)

Baselines

219

(1)

Manipulating Variables

220

(1)

Length of Phases

220

(1)

Transfer of Training and Response Maintenance

221

(1)

Assessment

222

(1)

Target Behavior

222

(1)

Data Collection Strategies

223

(1)

Basic Designs

223

(9)

A-B-A-B Designs

224

(2)

Multiple Baseline Designs

226

(3)

Other Designs

229

(3)

Evaluating Data

232

(1)

Summary

233

(1)

Exercises

233

(2)

References

235

(1)

Sample Article

236

(10)

8 Qualitative Research

246

(42)

A Qualitative Research Model

247

(2)

Themes of Qualitative Research

249

(4)

Design Strategies

249

(2)

Data Collection and Fieldwork Strategies

251

(1)

Analysis Strategies

252

(1)

Research Questions

253

(1)

Theoretical Traditions

254

(2)

Research Strategies

256

(8)

Document or Content Analysis

257

(2)

The Case Study

259

(2)

Ethnographic Studies

261

(3)

Data Collection Techniques

264

(8)

Observations

264

(1)

Interviews

265

(2)

Review of Documents

267

(2)

Other Qualitative Data Collection Techniques

269

(1)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

270

(1)

Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Research

271

(1)

Summary

272

(1)

Exercises

272

(1)

References

273

(2)

Sample Article

275

(13)

9 Methods and Tools of Research

288

(63)

Reliability and Validity of Research Tools

288

(1)

Quantitative Studies

289

(2)

Qualitative Studies

291

(1)

Psychological and Educational Tests and Inventories

292

(8)

Validity

294

(3)

Reliability

297

(2)

Economy

299

(1)

Interest

299

(1)

Types of Tests and Inventories

300

(5)

Achievement Tests

301

(1)

Aptitude Tests

301

(2)

Interest Inventories

303

(1)

Personality Inventories

303

(1)

Projective Devices

304

(1)

Observation

305

(7)

Validity and Reliability of Observation

308

(1)

Recording Observations

309

(1)

Systematizing Data Collection

309

(3)

Characteristics of Good Observation

312

(1)

Inquiry Forms: The Questionnaire

312

(17)

The Closed Form

313

(1)

The Open Form

314

(1)

Improving Questionnaire Items

314

(5)

Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire

319

(1)

Preparing and Administering the Questionnaire

320

(4)

A Sample Questionnaire

324

(1)

Validity and Reliability of Questionnaires

324

(5)

Inquiry Forms: The Opinionnaire

329

(6)

Thurstone Technique

330

(1)

Likert Method

330

(4)

Semantic Differential

334

(1)

The Interview

335

(2)

Validity and Reliability of the Interview

336

(1)

Q Methodology

337

(2)

Social Scaling

339

(4)

Sociometry

339

(1)

Scoring Sociometric Choices

340

(1)

The Sociogram

340

(1)

"Guess-Who" Technique

341

(1)

Social-Distance Scale

342

(1)

Organization of Data Collection

343

(2)

Outside Criteria for Comparison

344

(1)

Limitations and Sources of Error

345

(1)

Summary

346

(1)

Exercises

347

(1)

References

348

(3)

PART III Data Analysis

351

(120)

10 Descriptive Data Analysis

353

(49)

What Is Statistics?

354

(1)

Parametric and Nonparametric Data

354

(1)

Descriptive and Inferential Analysis

355

(1)

The Organization of Data

356

(2)

Grouped Data Distributions

357

(1)

Statistical Measures

358

(10)

Measures of Central Tendency

358

(5)

Measures of Spread or Dispersion

363

(5)

Normal Distribution

368

(5)

Nonnormal Distributions

371

(1)

Interpreting the Normal Probability Distribution

371

(2)

Practical Applications of the Normal Curve

373

(1)

Measures of Relative Position: Standard Scores

373

(5)

The Z Score (Sigma)

374

(1)

The T Score (T)

375

(1)

The College Board Score (Zcb)

376

(1)

Stanines

376

(1)

Percentile Rank

376

(2)

Measures of Relationship

378

(10)

Pearson's Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation (r)

382

(3)

Rank Order Correlation (p)

385

(2)

Phi Correlation Coefficient (φ)

387

(1)

Interpretation of a Correlation Coefficient

388

(5)

Outliers

389

(1)

Misinterpretation of the Coefficient of Correlation

390

(1)

Prediction

391

(2)

Standard Error of Estimate

393

(2)

A Note of Caution

395

(1)

Summary

396

(1)

Exercises

397

(4)

References

401

(1)

11 Inferential Data Analysis

402

(45)

Statistical Inference

402

(1)

The Central Limit Theorem

403

(3)

Parametric Tests

406

(1)

Testing Statistical Significance

406

(3)

The Significance of the Difference between the Means of Two Independent Groups

406

(1)

The Null Hypothesis (H0)

407

(1)

The Level of Significance

408

(1)

Decision Making

409

(5)

Two-Tailed and One-Tailed Tests of Significance

411

(2)

Degrees of Freedom

413

(1)

A One-Sample Z Test

414

(1)

Student's Distribution (t)

414

(2)

Significance of the Difference between Two Small Sample Independent Means

415

(1)

Homogeneity of Variances

416

(7)

Significance of the Difference between the Means of Two Matched or Correlated Groups (Nonindependent Samples)

419

(2)

Statistical Significance of a Coefficient of Correlation

421

(2)

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

423

(5)

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Partial Correlation

428

(1)

Multiple Regression and Correlation

429

(4)

Nonparametric Tests

433

(8)

The Chi Square Test (χ²)

434

(4)

The Mann-Whitney Test

438

(3)

Outliers and Missing Data

441

(1)

Summary

441

(1)

Exercises

442

(4)

References

446

(1)

12 Computer Data Analysis

447

(24)

The Computer

447

(2)

Data Organization

449

(1)

Computer Analysis of Data

450

(11)

Example 1: Descriptive Statistics-Bivariate Correlation, Means, SDs

452

(1)

Example 2: Graphs

453

(1)

Example 3: Multiple Regression

454

(1)

Example 4: ANOVA from Chapter 11

455

(3)

Results from Analyses Using Appendix B Data

458

(3)

Statistics on the World Wide Web (Internet)

461

(1)

Qualitative Analyses Using Computer Software

462

(6)

Summary

468

(2)

References

470

(1)

Appendix A Statistical Formulas and Symbols

471

(5)

Appendix B Sample Data Microsoft Excel Format

476

(4)

Appendix C Percentage of Area Lying between the Mean and Successive Standard Deviation Units under the Normal Curve

480

(2)

Appendix D Critical Values for Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation (r)

482

(1)

Appendix E Critical Values of Student's Distribution (t)

483

(1)

Appendix F Abridged Table of Critical Values for Chi Square

484

(1)

Appendix G Critical Values of the F Distribution

485

(5)

Appendix H Research Report Evaluation

490

(1)

Appendix I Answers to Statistics Exercises

491

(3)

Author Index

494

(4)

Subject Index

498

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Research In Education

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