Research Methods (with InfoTrac)

, by McBurney, Donald H.

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ISBN: 9780534577629 | 0534577628
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/28/2000

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Supplemental Materials

Psychology and Science

(32)

Ways of Knowing about Behavior

(4)

Nonempirical Methods

(2)

Empirical Methods

(2)

What Is Science?

(4)

Characteristics of Science

(3)

The Relation Between Science and Nonscience

(1)

Working Assumptions of Science

(3)

The Reality of the World

(1)

Rationality

(1)

Regularity

(1)

Discoverability

(1)

Causality

(1)

The Goals of Science

(12)

The Discovery of Regularities

(4)

The Development of Theories

(2)

The Role of Theories

(2)

Hypotheses in Science

(1)

Defining Theoretical Concepts

(2)

The Nature of Scientific Progress

(1)

A Note on Psychology and Science

(1)

Summary

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

A Case in Point

(3)

Reading Between the Lines

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Developing a Research Question

(20)

Choice of a Problem

(1)

The Literature Review

(1)

Using the Internet

(6)

Guidelines for Evaluating Information from the Internet

(1)

Search Engines

(1)

Government and Organizational Web Sites

(1)

Some Individual Web Sites for Psychology

(1)

Proprietary Web Sites

(3)

E-mail

(5)

Inter-Library Loan

An Extended Internet Search Example: Waist-Hip Ratio and Attractiveness

(6)

After You Locate the Important Articles

(1)

The Research Question

(1)

The Proposal

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(4)

Ethics in Research

(22)

The APA Ethics Code

(9)

Commentary on Responsibility

(1)

Commentary on Protection from Harm

(1)

Commentary on Informed Consent

(1)

Commentary on Deception

(1)

Commentary on Privacy and Freedom from Coercion

(2)

Commentary on Debriefing

(1)

Role of the Research Participant

(1)

Ethics and Animal Experimentation

(4)

Animal Rights and Animal Welfare

(1)

Speciesism?

(2)

The Case of the Silver Spring Monkeys

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

(1)

Summary

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

A Case in Point

(1)

A Case in Point

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

(1)

Exercises

(3)

Writing in Psychology

(42)

The Written Report

(24)

General

(2)

Avoiding Sexism and Ethnic Bias in Writing

(1)

The Parts of a Paper

(3)

Documenting Your Paper

(3)

Steps in the Publication Process

(15)

Oral Presentations

100

(1)

Poster Presentations

101

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

102

(4)

Summary

106

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

108

(1)

A Case in Point

108

(5)

Reading Between the Lines

113

(1)

Exercises

114

(3)

Variables

117

(22)

Types of Variables

118

(3)

Dependent and Independent Vaiables

118

(1)

Confounded Variables

119

(1)

Quantitative and Categorical Variables

120

(1)

Continuous and Discrete Variables

120

(1)

Measurement

121

(6)

What Is Measurement?

121

(1)

Types of Measurement Scales

122

(2)

Comparison of the Scales

124

(2)

Measurement and Statistics?

126

(1)

Reliability and Validity of Measurements

127

(3)

Variability and Error

127

(1)

Validity of Measurements

128

(2)

Nuts and Bolts

130

(2)

Summary

132

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

134

(1)

A Case in Point

134

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

134

(1)

Exercises

135

(4)

Tabular and Graphical Description of Data

139

(30)

Tables and Graphs of Frequency Data of One Variable

140

(5)

Frequency Tables

140

(1)

Frequency Distributions

140

(3)

Cumulative Frequency Distributions

143

(1)

Percentiles

144

(1)

Tables and Graphs That Show the Relationship Between Two Variables

145

(4)

Scattergrams

145

(1)

Tables with One Independent and One Dependent Variable

146

(1)

Graphs of Functions (Line Graphs)

147

(1)

Bar Graphs

148

(1)

Relation Between Frequency Distributions and Other Graphs

149

(2)

Time-Series Graphs

151

(1)

Indicating Variability of the Data in a Graph

152

(2)

Preparing Data for Analysis

154

(7)

Data Reduction

154

(2)

The Coding Guide

156

(1)

Checking for Invalid Data, Missing Data, and Outliers

157

(3)

Proceeding with the Analysis

160

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

161

(1)

Summary

162

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

163

(1)

A Case in Point

163

(2)

Reading Between the Lines

165

(1)

Exercises

166

(3)

Validity

169

(20)

Types of Validity

169

(4)

Internal Validity

169

(2)

Construct Validity

171

(1)

External Validity

172

(1)

Statistical Validity

172

(1)

Threats to Validity

173

(6)

Threats to Internal Validity

173

(3)

Threats to Construct Validity

176

(2)

Threats to External Validity

178

(1)

Threats to Statistical Validity

179

(1)

Summary Note on Validity

179

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

179

(3)

Summary

182

(1)

Suggestion for Further Reading

183

(1)

A Case in Point

183

(1)

A Case in Point

184

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

185

(1)

Exercises

186

(3)

Control

189

(24)

The Concept of Control

189

(3)

Control Provides a Standard of Comparison

189

(2)

Control Reduces Variability

191

(1)

General Strategies

192

(2)

Control in the Laboratory

192

(1)

The Research Setting as a Preparation

192

(1)

Instrumentation of the Response as Control

193

(1)

Specific Strategies

194

(8)

Subject as Own Control (Within-Subjects Control)

194

(2)

Random Assignment

196

(2)

Matching

198

(2)

Building Nuisance Variables into the Experiment

200

(1)

Statistical Control

201

(1)

Replication, Replication

202

(2)

Experimental Design as Problem Solving

204

(1)

The Elegant Experiment

204

(1)

How to Use the Rest of this Book

205

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

206

(2)

Summary

208

(2)

Suggestion for Further Reading

210

(1)

A Case in Point

210

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

211

(1)

Exercises

212

(1)

Nonexperimental Research, Part 1: Observational, Archival, and Case-Study Research

213

(24)

The Hermeneutic Approach

215

(1)

Observational Research

215

(7)

Naturalistic Observation

216

(4)

Participant-Observer Research

220

(2)

Archival Research

222

(1)

Case Studies

223

(1)

Theory Development and Testing in Observational and Archival Research

224

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

225

(5)

Summary

230

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

231

(1)

A Case in Point

231

(2)

A Case in Point

233

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

234

(1)

Exercises

235

(2)

Nonexperimental Research, Part 2: Survey Research

237

(28)

How a Questionnaire Is Designed

237

(6)

Determine the Purpose of the Questionnaire

238

(1)

Determine the Types of Questions

238

(1)

Write the Items

239

(3)

Determine How the Data Will Be Analyzed

242

(1)

Administering the Questionnaire

243

(3)

Determine the Method of Administration

243

(2)

The Problem of Response Rate

245

(1)

Sampling

246

(6)

Types of Samples

246

(1)

Probability Samples and Random Selection

247

(4)

Summary of Sampling Procedures

251

(1)

Nuts and Bolts

252

(2)

Summary

254

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

255

(1)

A Case in Point

255

(3)

Reading Between the Lines

258

(1)

Exercises

258

(7)

True Experiments, Part 1: Single-Factor Designs

265

(22)

True Experiments

265

(1)

Factors, Levels, Conditions, and Treatments

266

(1)

Some Designs to Avoid

267

(2)

The One-Group Posttest-Only Design

267

(1)

The Posttest-Only Design with Nonequivalent Control Groups

267

(1)

The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

268

(1)

The Basic Elements of a Valid Experimental Design

269

(1)

Within-Subjects Designs

270

(7)

Controlling for Order and Sequence Effects

270

(4)

Two Conditions, Tested Within Subjects

274

(1)

Multiple Conditions, Tested Within Subjects

275

(2)

Between-Subjects Designs

277

(2)

Two Conditions, Tested Between Subjects

277

(1)

Multiple Conditions, Tested Between Subjects

277

(2)

Summary

279

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

280

(1)

A Case in Point

280

(1)

A Case in Point

281

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

282

(1)

Exercises

283

(4)

True Experiments, Part 2: Factorial Designs

287

(24)

A Simple Factorial Design

289

(2)

Main Effects

291

(1)

Interactions

291

(6)

Interactions When There Is No Main Effect

293

(2)

Types of Interactions

295

(2)

Within-Subjects, Between-Subjects, and Mixed Designs

297

(4)

Advantages of Within-Subjects Designs

300

(1)

Control in Within-Subjects Factorial Experiments

300

(1)

Some Representative Factorial Designs

301

(2)

Factorial, Within-Subjects

301

(1)

Factorial, Between-Subjects

301

(2)

A Mixed Factorial Design

303

(1)

Summary

303

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

304

(1)

A Case in Point

305

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

306

(1)

Exercises

306

(5)

Single-Subject Experiments

311

(22)

Advantages of the Single-Subject Approach

312

(3)

Focusing on Individual Performance

313

(1)

Focusing on Big Effects

314

(1)

Avoiding Ethical and Practical Problems

315

(1)

Flexibility in Design

315

(1)

Disadvantages of the Single-Subject Approach

315

(1)

Basic Control Strategies in Single-Subject Research

316

(6)

Obtaining a Stable Baseline

316

(1)

Using the Withdrawal of Treatment (ABA Designs)

317

(1)

Repeating Treatments (ABAB Designs)

317

(2)

Changing Only One Variable at a Time

319

(2)

Using Multiple Baselines

321

(1)

Employing a Changing Criterion

321

(1)

Examples of Single-Subject Designs

322

(5)

A Multiple-Baseline Design with Withdrawal of Treatment

322

(2)

Two Examples from Psychophysics

324

(3)

Summary

327

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

328

(1)

A Case in Point

328

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

329

(1)

Exercises

330

(3)

Quasi Experiments

333

(32)

The Principal Difference Between Quasi Experiments and True Experiments

333

(3)

Other Features of Quasi Experiments

335

(1)

Which Is the Best Research Method?

336

(1)

Nonequivalent Control Group Designs

336

(4)

Mixed Factorial Design with One Nonmanipulated Variable

338

(2)

Designs Without Control Groups

340

(5)

Interrupted Time-Series Designs

340

(4)

Repeated-Treatment Designs

344

(1)

Designs to Test Developmental Changes

345

(4)

Program Evaluation

349

(5)

Sources of Resistance to Program Evaluations

350

(1)

Steps in Planning an Evaluation

351

(1)

Two Examples of Program Evaluation

352

(2)

Nuts and Bolts

354

(3)

Summary

357

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

358

(1)

A Case in Point

358

(1)

A Case in Point

359

(2)

Reading Between the Lines

361

(1)

Exercises

362

(3)

Epilogue Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology

365

(16)

Biases

366

(3)

Science as Conservative

366

(2)

Science as Liberal

368

(1)

Limitations of Science

369

(4)

Essential Limitations

369

(2)

Practical Limitations

371

(2)

Fraud

373

(2)

The Responsibilities of the Scientist

375

(1)

Summary Note on Biases and Limitations of Science

376

(1)

Summary

376

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

377

(1)

A Case in Point

378

(1)

Reading Between the Lines

379

(1)

Exercises

380

(1)

Appendix A Review of Statistics

381

(34)

Some Basic Terms

381

(1)

Descriptive Statistics

382

(12)

Measures of Central Tendency

382

(4)

Measures of Variability

386

(2)

Correlation and Regression

388

(6)

Inferential Statistics

394

(15)

Sampling Distributions

394

(2)

Testing Hypotheses

396

(2)

Dealing with Uncertainty in Hypothesis Testing

398

(4)

Analysis of Variance

402

(6)

The Significance of Significance

408

(1)

Exercises

409

(6)

Appendix B Random-Number Table

415

(2)

Appendix C Population Data Set

417

(2)

Appendix D Suggested Answers to ``Reading Between the Lines''

419

(8)

Appendix E Key for Identifying Appropriate Graphs and Statistics

427

(4)

References

431

(7)

Name Index

438

(4)

Subject Index

442

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Research Methods (with InfoTrac)

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials