Rethinking Empowerment

This collection examines the changing role of women in developing countries and calls for a new approach to empowerment. An approach that adopts a more nuanced, feminist interpretation of power and em(power)ment, recognizes that local empowerment is always embedded in regional, national and global contexts, pays attention to institutional structures and politics and acknowledges that empowerment is both a process and an outcome.

Notes on contributors

xi

Acknowledgements

xv

List of abbreviations

xvii

PART I Theory and praxis

1

(38)

Rethinking em(power)ment, gender and development: an introduction

3

(19)

Jane L. Parpart

Shirin M. Rai

Kathleen Staudt

Empowerment and power

5

(3)

Empowerment, power and development

8

(2)

Empowerment, gender and development

10

(3)

Empowerment: local, national and global

13

(2)

Conclusion

15

(7)

Education as a means for empowering women

22

(17)

Nelly P. Stromquist

Revisiting the concept of empowerment

22

(1)

Empowerment within formal schooling

23

(3)

Empowerment among adult women

26

(1)

Learning processes in the empowerment of adult women

27

(4)

The contributions of informal learning

31

(2)

Combining the cognitive and the economic dimensions of empowerment

33

(1)

Institutional development and support

34

(2)

Conclusion

36

(3)

PART II Women's empowerment in a global world

39

(56)

Envisaging power in Philippine migration: the Janus effect

41

(20)

Pauline Gardiner Barber

Migrants, time and local spaces

41

(1)

Empowerment and `the local'

42

(1)

Gender in Philippine labour migration

43

(2)

Reading power in migration

45

(3)

Agency, class and the cultural politics of leaving

48

(2)

Contingent sojourns

50

(5)

Empowerment dialectics

55

(6)

Women's rights, CEDAW and international human rights debates: toward empowerment?

61

(18)

Shaheen Sardar Ali

CEDAW: a tool for women's empowerment?

62

(3)

`Complementarity' of rights: a `Muslim' view of the norm of non-discrimination and equality

65

(9)

Conclusion

74

(5)

Feminizing cyberspace: rethinking technoagency

79

(16)

Gillian Youngs

Introduction

79

(3)

Cyberspace, boundaries and agency

82

(2)

Women and cyberpolitics

84

(3)

Cyber possibilities and development

87

(4)

Conclusion

91

(4)

PART III The nation state, politics and women's empowerment

95

(68)

Engaging politics: beyond official empowerment discourse

97

(15)

Kathleen Staudt

Empowerment terminology

98

(1)

A multilateral case

99

(2)

Empowerment is political

101

(2)

Policy priorities: little dent on gender relations

103

(1)

Democratic spaces: contexts of democracy, peace and/or redistribution?

104

(1)

International technical assistance and `democracies'

105

(1)

Bring politics in with women and gender equality agendas

106

(1)

Empowerment in US bipartisan discourse: from global to local

107

(2)

Concluding implications

109

(3)

Movements, states and empowerment: women's mobilization in Chile and Turkey

112

(21)

Marella Bodur

Susan Franceschet

Introduction

112

(1)

Gender ideologies, states and women's movements

113

(2)

The emergence and evolution of the Chilean women's movement

115

(4)

The emergence and evolution of the women's movement in post-1980 Turkey

119

(7)

Conclusion

126

(7)

Political representation, democratic institutions and women's empowerment: the quota debate in India

133

(14)

Shirin M. Rai

Introduction

133

(2)

The Indian experiments with quotas

135

(2)

Women's interests, women representatives

137

(1)

`Social backwardness' and quota politics

138

(1)

The arguments for quotas

139

(2)

The arguments against

141

(1)

Caste, class, gender: dilemmas for feminisms

142

(2)

Conclusion

144

(3)

Gender, production and access to land: the case for female peasants in India

147

(16)

Reena Patel

Introduction

147

(2)

`Personal laws' in India and the Hindu Succession Act 1956

149

(2)

Models, roles and identities

151

(1)

Women's work, contribution and access to land

152

(3)

Land to the tiller: women and land reforms in India

155

(1)

Conclusion

156

(7)

PART IV The local/global, development and women's empowerment

163

(74)

Rethinking participatory empowerment, gender and development: the PRA approach

165

(17)

Jane L. Parpart

Introduction

165

(1)

Participatory rural appraisal: the new methodology

166

(3)

Evaluating PRA, participation and empowerment: a gender perspective

169

(5)

Conclusion

174

(8)

The disciplinary power of micro credit: examples from Kenya and Cameroon

182

(17)

Josephine Lairap-Fonderson

Introduction

182

(1)

Appropriating the concept of empowerment

182

(2)

African responses to women's empowerment

184

(2)

The relevance of the Foucauldian power framework

186

(4)

Disciplinary power of micro credit: examples from Kenya and Cameroon

190

(2)

The impact of micro credit on women's empowerment

192

(3)

Conclusion

195

(4)

Development, demographic and feminist agendas: depoliticizing empowerment in a Tanzanian family planning project

199

(19)

Lisa Ann Richey

Introduction

199

(3)

The international context of the Integrated Project

202

(1)

The national context of the Integrated Project

203

(1)

The local context of the Integrated Project

204

(2)

The development agenda: local participation and communities' `felt needs'

206

(2)

Demographic goals: promotion of permanent and long-term contraception

208

(1)

The feminist agenda: depoliticizing gender and `passive acceptors'

209

(3)

Conclusion

212

(6)

Informal politics, grassroots NGOs and women's empowerment in the slums of Bombay

218

(19)

Vandana Desai

Introduction

218

(1)

Women's informal politics

219

(2)

Empowerment of women: experiences of NGOs

221

(5)

The role of NGOs

226

(5)

Conclusion

231

(6)

PART V Conclusion

237

(8)

Concluding thoughts on (em)powerment, gender and development

239

(6)

Kathleen Staudt

Shirin M. Rai

Jane L. Parpart

Contextualizing chapters: challenges ahead

239

(6)

Index

245

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Rethinking Empowerment

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials