The Reuse and Recycling of Contaminated Soil

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ISBN: 9781566701884 | 1566701880
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/18/1997

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This book presents a new way of viewing contaminated soil -- as a resource that in many instances can be recovered. The Reuse and Recycling of Contaminated Soils addresses the waste problem associated with contaminated soil and considers alternatives that are environmentally sound, cost-effective, and time efficient. It provides thorough coverage of practical issues associated with reuse and recycling including: -- Concepts of reclamation, use, reuse, recycling, and resource recovery-- Waste types suitable for reuse and recycling-- Relevant regulations and regulatory programs-- Reuse and recycling technologies-- Leachability and leachability tests-- Engineering considerations and applicable tests-- Case histories on the incorporation of contaminated soil into asphaltic end products-- And much more!The book features helpful appendices including a list of acronyms, a glossary of regulatory and technical terms, and conversion factors for U.S. measures to metric units.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

(34)

1.1 The Soil Problem

(15)

1.1.1 Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)

(2)

1.1.2 Chemical Sites

(2)

1.1.3 Oil Field Sites

(1)

1.1.4 Geothermal Sites

(1)

1.1.5 Manufactured Gas Plants

(1)

1.1.6 Mining Sites

(8)

1.1.7 Environmental Terrorism

(1)

1.2 Remediation vs. Reuse and Recycling

(7)

1.3 The Concept of Resource Recovery

(9)

Bibliography

(3)

CHAPTER 2 REGULATORY ASPECTS

(8)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Generator Responsibility

(1)

2.3 Waste Characterization

(2)

2.3.1 Solid Waste Characterization

(1)

2.4 Regulatory Framework

(1)

2.5 Declassification

(1)

2.6 Exemptions

(1)

2.7 Transportation Considerations

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

CHAPTER 3 SOIL REUSE AND RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES

(30)

3.1 Introduction

(3)

3.2 Reuse and Recycling Technologies

(13)

3.2.1 Asphalt Incorporation

(9)

3.2.1.1 Cold-Mix Asphalt Processes (CMA)

(6)

3.2.1.2 Hot-Mix Asphalt Processes (HMA)

(3)

3.2.2 Cement Production Processes

(3)

3.2.3 Brick Manufacturing Processes

(1)

3.3 Reclaim Technologies

(11)

3.3.1 Energy Recovery

(5)

3.3.2 Thermal Desorption

(2)

3.3.3 Solvent Extraction

(2)

3.3.4 Soil Vapor Extraction

(1)

3.3.5 Decanting

(1)

3.3.6 Physical Separation

(1)

Bibliography

(3)

CHAPTER 4 FIELD CONSIDERATIONS

(8)

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Sampling Strategies

(2)

4.3 Particle Size Distribution

(2)

4.4 Selective Excavation

(2)

4.5 Volatile Organic Compound Mitigation

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

CHAPTER 5 LABORATORY CONSIDERATIONS

(22)

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 Hazardous Waste Types

(3)

5.3 Hazardous Waste Characterization

(4)

5.4 Acceptance Criteria

(1)

5.5 Leachability

(5)

5.6 Leachability Tests

(8)

5.6.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

(2)

5.6.2 Extraction Procedure Toxicity (EP Tox) Test

(1)

5.6.3 California Waste Extraction Test (Cal WET)

(3)

5.6.4 American Nuclear Society Leach Test (ANSI/ANS/16.1)

(1)

5.6.5 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure "Gage" Modification (TCLP Modified)

(1)

5.6.6 Dynamic Leach Test (DLT)

(1)

5.6.7 Multiple Extraction Procedure (MEP)

(1)

5.6.8 Synthetic Acid Precipitation Leach Test (SAPLT)

(1)

5.6.9 Monofilled Waste Extraction Procedure (MWEP)

(1)

5.6.10 Shake Extraction Test (SET)

100

(1)

5.6.11 Equilibrium Leach Test (ELT)

100

(1)

5.6.12 Sequential Extraction Test (SET)

100

(1)

5.6.13 Sequential Chemical Extraction (SCE)

100

(1)

5.6.14 Static Leach Test Method (SLTM)

100

(1)

5.6.15 Agitated Powder Leach Test (APLT)

101

(1)

5.6.16 Soxhlet Leach Test (SLT)

101

(1)

Bibliography

101

(2)

CHAPTER 6 ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS

103

(18)

6.1 Introduction

103

(1)

6.2 Engineering Tests for Preprocessed Soil

103

(6)

6.2.1 Microscopic and Petrographic Examination

104

(1)

6.2.2 Sieve Size Analysis

104

(1)

6.2.3 Sand Equivalent Test

104

(1)

6.2.4 Maximum Density and Moisture Content

104

(4)

6.2.5 Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index

108

(1)

6.2.6 Specific Gravity

108

(1)

6.2.7 R-Value or Resistance

108

(1)

6.3 Engineering Tests for Processed Asphalt

109

(1)

6.3.1 Marshall Stability

109

(1)

6.4 Mix Designs

109

(5)

6.4.1 Mix Design Uses

110

(1)

6.4.2 Mix Design Criteria

111

(3)

6.4.2.1 Aggregate Gradation Selection

111

(1)

6.4.2.2 Compaction Hammer

111

(1)

6.4.2.3 Optimum Asphalt Content

112

(1)

6.4.2.4 Stabilometer Value

112

(1)

6.4.2.5 Flow Value

113

(1)

6.4.2.6 Air Voids

113

(1)

6.4.2.7 Voids in Mineral Aggregate

113

(1)

6.4.2.8 Dust-to-Asphalt Ratio

113

(1)

6.5 Pilot Testing

114

(5)

Bibliography

119

(2)

CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BITUMENS AND ASPHALT

121

(28)

7.1 Introduction

121

(1)

7.2 Types of Bitumens

122

(2)

7.2.1 Physical and Chemical Criteria

122

(2)

7.2.2 Mode of Preparation Criteria

124

(1)

7.3 Asphalt-Aggregate Chemistry

124

(7)

7.3.1 Functional Groups

125

(1)

7.3.2 Functional Group Analysis

125

(6)

7.4 Asphalt-Aggregate Stability

131

(1)

7.5 Contaminant Mobility in Asphalt

132

(1)

7.6 Contaminant Leachability from Asphalt

133

(8)

7.7 Durability

141

(1)

7.8 Aging

141

(1)

7.9 Biological Resistance

142

(1)

7.10 Permeability

143

(1)

7.11 Leachability

143

(2)

7.12 Discussion

145

(1)

Bibliography

146

(3)

CHAPTER 8 ASPHALTIC EMULSIONS

149

(18)

8.1 Introduction

149

(1)

8.2 Emulsion Chemistry

150

(1)

8.3 Emulsion Production

151

(1)

8.4 Emulsion Specifications

152

(4)

8.5 Breaking and Curing

156

(1)

8.6 Emulsified Asphalt Tests

157

(5)

8.6.1 Composition Tests

157

(2)

8.6.2 Consistency Tests

159

(1)

8.6.3 Examination of Residue Tests

160

(1)

8.6.4 Emulsion Tests for Construction Purposes

161

(1)

8.7 Emulsion Selection

162

(3)

Bibliography

165

(2)

CHAPTER 9 CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF CEMENTITIOUS PRODUCTS

167

(20)

9.1 Introduction

167

(1)

9.2 Types of Cement

167

(5)

9.2.1 Natural Cements

168

(1)

9.2.2 Portland Cement

168

(4)

9.3 Physical Properties

172

(5)

9.3.1 Setting Time

172

(2)

9.3.2 Comprehensive and Flexural Strength

174

(3)

9.3.3 Durability

177

(1)

9.4 Chemical Properties

177

(2)

9.5 Leachability

179

(3)

9.6 Degradation

182

(1)

9.7 Biological Resistance

182

(1)

Bibliography

183

(4)

CHAPTER 10 TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS FOR REUSE AND RECYCLING

187

(10)

10.1 Introduction

187

(1)

10.2 Organic-Contaminated Soil

187

(1)

10.3 Inorganic-Contaminated Soil

188

(1)

10.4 Fly Ash

189

(2)

10.5 Low Radioactive Waste (LLW) and Intermediate Radioactive Waste (ILW)

191

(5)

Bibliography

196

(1)

CHAPTER 11 ASPHALT UTILIZATION AND APPLICATION

197

(16)

11.1 Introduction

197

(1)

11.2 Utilization

197

(10)

11.2.1 Use as Pavement

197

(3)

11.2.2 Use as a Liner

200

(4)

11.2.3 Use as a Berm

204

(1)

11.2.4 Hydraulic Applications

205

(2)

11.3 Application

207

(1)

11.3.1 Seal Coating

208

(1)

11.3.2 Curing

208

(1)

11.4 Quality Control and Assurance

208

(4)

11.4.1 Production Consistency

208

(1)

11.4.2 Temperature

208

(3)

11.4.3 Weight

211

(1)

11.4.4 Cost

211

(1)

11.4.5 Certification of Compliance

211

(1)

Bibliography

212

(1)

CHAPTER 12 SELECTED CMA CASE HISTORIES

213

(20)

12.1 Introduction

213

(1)

12.2 Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil from Municipality Maintenance Facility (UST)

213

(4)

12.3 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil from Former Gas Manufacturing Site (PNAS)

217

(3)

12.4 Lead-Mine Scale from Former Geothermal Plant

220

(1)

12.5 Lead- and Zinc-Contaminated Soil from a Brake-Shoes Manufacturing Plant

221

(5)

12.6 Lead- and Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil from Auto226 Wrecking Site

226

(3)

12.7 Cost Considerations

229

(2)

Bibliography

231

(2)

APPENDIX A Acronyms

233

(2)

APPENDIX B Glossary of Regulatory and Technical Terms

235

(12)

APPENDIX C Conversion of Metric Units

247

(2)

INDEX

249

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The Reuse and Recycling of Contaminated Soil

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