Revelation, the Religions, and Violence

Revelation, The Religions, and Violence examines the basic human dynamics that produce violence and how the diverse experiences of Christianity, Judaism and Islam, as well as Chinese and Indian religions, address this universal problem.

Lefebure extends the pathbreaking insights of Rene Girard into a multi-religious context. In particular, he shows how Christianity -- which many accuse of glorifying violence in the crucifixion of Jesus -- really unmasks humanity's violent impulses no matter how sacred the cause they appear to validate. Although historically attitudes toward and encounters among the world religions have been filled with strife, the values and experiences they share can become the bedrock on which to build more humane societies

Leo D. Lefebure is visiting associate professor of theology at Fordham University, New York.

Foreword

xi

Ewert Cousins

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgments

xvii

Revelation, The Religions, and Violence

1

(24)

Wisdom and Experience

1

(2)

The Transformation of Catholic Attitudes

3

(4)

Forms of Dialogue

7

(3)

The Encounter of the World's Religions

10

(3)

Religions in a World of Violence

13

(3)

Rene Girard: Revelation as the Unmasking of Violence

16

(4)

Evaluation of Mimetic Theory

20

(3)

Dialogue and Nonviolence

23

(2)

Biblical Revelation and Other Religions

25

(30)

Method of Contrast

26

(3)

Rene Girard

29

(2)

Revelation in the Exodus

31

(4)

Mount Sinai

35

(2)

Revelation and the Religions in the Prophets

37

(1)

The Emergence of Monotheism

38

(2)

Wisdom in Israel

40

(4)

Wisdom as Universal Revelation

44

(1)

Revelation in the New Testament

45

(4)

Images of Revelation

49

(3)

Biblical Precedents for Interreligious Dialogue

52

(3)

The Divine Warrior and the Crucified God: Revelation and Violence in the Bible

55

(28)

Exodus and the Divine Warrior

56

(2)

Interpreting Israel's Attitudes toward War

58

(4)

Johah and Nahum

62

(1)

The Pathos of God and the Vision of Peace

63

(1)

The Reign of God Suffers Violence: Revelation and Violence in the New Testament

64

(1)

John the Baptist

65

(2)

Jesus and Violence

67

(3)

Jesus' Relations to ``the Jews'': The Question of Anti-Judaism in the New Testament

70

(3)

The Death and Resurrection of Jesus

73

(3)

The Experience of Paul: The Irony of Revelation

76

(5)

Biblical Perspectives on Violence

81

(2)

Revelation and Other Religions in the Early and Medieval Church

83

(47)

Gnosticism

83

(3)

Marcion of Pontus

86

(1)

Montanist Prophecy

87

(2)

Relations to Hellenistic Religions and Philosophy

89

(1)

Christianity and Judaism

90

(4)

Augustine

94

(2)

Christianity and Islam

96

(3)

Muslim--Christian Encounters

99

(3)

Jewish--Christian Relations in the Middle Ages

102

(1)

The Church of the East and Islam

103

(1)

The Church of the East in China

104

(1)

Attitudes toward Other Religions in the Later Middle Ages

105

(2)

Nicholas of Cusa

107

(4)

The Patristic and Medieval Heritage

111

(2)

Revelation and Violence in the Early and Medieval Church

Interpreting Violence in the Bible

113

(2)

Early Christians and Military Service

115

(1)

Revelation and Social Engagement

116

(2)

Martyrdom and Persecution

118

(1)

Revelation, Responsibility, and Power in a Christian Empire

119

(1)

Augustine

120

(3)

Revelation and Social Engagement in the Middle Ages

123

(1)

The Holy War in the Middle Ages

124

(4)

An Ambiguous Heritage

128

(2)

Encountering the Religions of China and India

130

(36)

Confucianism

132

(5)

Taoism

137

(5)

Hinduism

142

(11)

The Upanishads

144

(3)

The Bhagavad Gita

147

(4)

Hinduism and Christianity

151

(2)

Buddhism

153

(11)

Suffering

157

(1)

The End of Suffering

158

(2)

Meditation

160

(2)

Nonviolence and Society: Buddhism and Girard

162

(2)

The Axial Religions

164

(2)

Encounters in a World of Dialogue

166

(19)

Divergence and Convergence

167

(4)

John Hick

171

(1)

S. Mark Heim

172

(2)

Chaos Theory and the Plurality of Religions

174

(6)

A Sapiential Approach

180

(3)

Nicholas of Cusa

183

(2)

Buddhist Awakening and Christian Revelation: A Buddhist--Christian Conversation

185

(16)

Pre-reflective Experience and Language

189

(1)

Awakening and Revelation

190

(5)

Who Is Speaking Here? Becoming What We Are

195

(6)

Epilogue

201

(2)

Notes

203

(21)

Glossary

224

(2)

List of References

226

(13)

Index

239

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Revelation, the Religions, and Violence

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials