Reverberation Chambers Theory and Applications to EMC and Antenna Measurements

Dr Stephen J. Boyes, Defence Science and Technology Laboratories, UK
Stephen Boyes is a Principal RF Engineer at security services department at the Defence Science and Technology Laboratories.

Dr Yi Huang, University of Liverpool, UK
Yi Huang received the BSc in Physics from Wuhan University and a MSc in RF/Microwave engineering from Nanjing, China in 1984 and 1987 respectively, and a DPhil in Communications and Electromagnetics from the University of Oxford in 1993. He joined the University of Liverpool in 1995.

About the Authors viii

Acknowledgements x

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 This Book 3

References 5

2 Reverberation Chamber Cavity Theory 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Cavity Modes and Electromagnetic Fields 8

2.3 Mode Stirring Techniques 17

2.4 Plane Wave Angle of Arrival 21

2.5 Average Mode Bandwidths 24

2.6 Chamber Quality (Q) Factor 26

2.7 Statistical Forms 30

2.8 Line of Sight Elements 44

2.9 Reverberation Chamber as a Radio Propagation Channel 52

References 56

3 Mechanical Stirrer Designs and Chamber Performance Evaluation 58

3.1 Introduction 58

3.2 Paddle Design Methodology 61

3.3 Numerical Analysis 63

3.4 Comments on Practical Validation 78

3.5 Measurement Parameters for Validation 80

3.6 Measurement Results 81

3.7 Summary 92

References 92

4 EMC Measurements inside Reverberation Chambers 94

4.1 Introduction to EMC 95

4.2 EMC Standards 98

4.3 EMC Measurements and Tests 101

4.4 EMC Measurements Inside Reverberation Chambers 103

4.5 Comparison of Reverberation Chamber and Other

Measurement Facilities for EMC Measurements 123

4.6 Conclusions 127

Acknowledgements 127

References 127

5 Single Port Antenna Measurements 129

5.1 Introduction 130

5.2 Definitions and Proof: Antenna Efficiency 131

5.3 Definitions: Textile Antennas 134

5.4 Measurement Procedures 134

5.5 Free Space Measurement Investigation 138

5.6 On‐Body Antenna Measurements 145

5.7 Theoretical and Simulated Evidence 161

5.8 Measurement Uncertainty 163

5.9 Summary 166

References 167

6 Multiport and Array Antennas 169

6.1 Introduction 169

6.2 Multi‐port Antennas for MIMO Applications 171

6.3 Measurement Parameters 174

6.4 Diversity Gain from Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDF) 175

6.5 Diversity from Correlation 180

6.6 Channel Capacity 185

6.7 Embedded Element Efficiency 186

6.8 Definitions: Conventional Array Antenna Measurements 191

6.9 Measurement Parameters 192

6.10 Deduction of Characterisation Equation 194

6.11 Measurement Results 196

6.12 Measurement Uncertainty 200

6.13 Summary 200

References 201

7 Further Applications and Developments 203

7.1 Shielding Effectiveness Measurements 203

7.2 Antenna Radiation Efficiency Measurements without a Reference Antenna 209

7.3 Antenna Diversity Gain Measurements without a Reference Antenna 213

7.4 Wireless Device and System Evaluation 214

7.5 Other Reverberation Chambers and the Future 216

7.6 Summary 218

References 218

Appendix A: Deduction of Independent Samples 220

Appendix B: Multivariate Normality Test for SIMO Channels 225

Appendix C: Surface Current Nature 230

Appendix D: BS EN 61000‐4‐21 Standard Deviation Results 235

Index 240

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