Rivers and Streams

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ISBN: 9781615303267 | 161530326X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/15/2011

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Winding their way through the planets landscapes and supplying some of its most prosperous cities with fresh water, food, and transportation conduits, rivers and streams have critical ecological and economic significance. As they carve out waterfalls, valleys, canyons, deltas, and a host of other landforms, they also support a diversity of organisms and connect disparate regions. Accompanied by extraordinary color photographs, this volume examines the characteristics of these captivating channels as well as their greatest threats and profiles some of the worlds prominent rivers.

Introduction	p. x
Rivers	p. 1
The Importance of Rivers	p. 4
Significance in Early Human Settlements	p. 4
Significance to Trade, Agriculture, and Industry	p. 7
Hydroelectric Power	p. 9
Drainage Basins	p. 11
Environmental Problems Attendant on River Use	p. 12
The Distribution of Rivers in Nature	p. 14
Principles Governing Distribution and Flow	p. 19
Runoff	p. 19
The River System Through Time	p. 28
Drainage Diversion by Stream Capture	p. 28
Non-Fluvial Invasion and Deposition	p. 29
The Effects of Climatic Change	p. 31
Drainage Patterns and Geometry	p. 34
The Drainage Patterns of Rivers Horton's Laws of Drainage Composition	p. 37
Morphometry of Drainage Networks	p. 38
Streambeds	p. 40
The Geometry of River Systems	p. 41
Hydraulic Geometry	p. 42
River Channel Patterns	p. 44
Waterfalls	p. 49
Iguaçu Falls	p. 54
Streamflow and Sediment Yield	p. 66
Peak Discharge and Flooding	p. 66
Sediment Yield and Sediment Load	p. 71
Measurement of the Load	p. 72
Sediment Sources and the Nature of Deposition	p. 73
Alluvium	p. 76
Factors That Influence Sediment Yield	p. 77
Short-Term Variations	p. 78
Long-Term or Average Sediment Yield	p. 82
Geomorphic Variables	p. 84
Rivers as Agents of Landscape Evolution: Valleys, Canyons, Floodplains, and River Terraces	p. 89
Valleys and Canyons	p. 90
Valley Evolution	p. 92
Formation of Canyons and Gorges	p. 93
Floodplains	p. 96
Floodplain Deposits, Origins, and Features	p. 97
Time and the Floodplain System	p. 101
River Terraces	p. 102
The Origin of River Terraces	p. 105
Outwash	p. 108
Terraces and Geomorphic History	p. 109
Rivers as Agents of Landscape Evolution: Alluvial Fans, Deltas, and Estuaries	p. 111
Alluvial Fans	p. 111
Size, Morphology, and Surface Characteristics	p. 114
Fan Deposits and Depositional Processes	p. 118
Economic Significance	p. 123
Deltas	p. 124
Classification of Deltas	p. 125
Morphology of Deltas	p. 127
Deposits and Stratigraphy	p. 130
Deltas and Time	p. 132
Estuaries	p. 133
Origin and Classification	p. 134
Fjords	p. 137
Sedimentation in Estuaries	p. 137
Major Rivers of Africa	p. 139
The Congo River	p. 139
Physiography	p. 142
Hydrology	p. 145
Climate	p. 146
Study and Exploration	p. 147
The Niger River	p. 148
Physiography	p. 142
Climate	p. 146
Hydrology	p. 153
Study and Exploration	p. 154
The Nile River	p. 155
Physiography	p. 157
Climate and Hydrology	p. 163
Study and Exploration	p. 169
Major Rivers of the Americas	p. 172
The Amazon River	p. 172
The Length of the Amazon Landforms and Drainage Patterns	p. 176
The Physiography of the River Course	p. 177
Hydrology	p. 181
Climate	p. 182
The Paraná River	p. 184
Soils	p. 186
Study and Exploration	p. 186
The Mississippi River	p. 188
Physiography	p. 191
Climate	p. 193
Hydrology	p. 194
The Missouri River	p. 197
Major Rivers of Asia and Australia	p. 201
The Ganges River	p. 201
Physiography	p. 202
Climate and Hydrology	p. 206
The Lena River	p. 207
Physiography	p. 207
Climate	p. 209
Hydrology	p. 210
Study and Exploration	p. 211
The Murray River	p. 212
Physical Features	p. 212
Economy and Water Management	p. 213
The Darling River	p. 214
The Ob River	p. 215
Physiography	p. 216
Climate and Hydrology	p. 220
Study and Exploration	p. 222
The Irtysh River	p. 223
The Yangtze River	p. 223
The Upper Course	p. 224
The Middle Course	p. 226
The Lower Course	p. 228
The Yangtze Delta	p. 229
Geology	p. 231
Hydrology	p. 231
The Yenisey River	p. 235
Physical Features	p. 235
Study and Exploration	p. 241
Major Rivers of Europe	p. 242
The Danube River	p. 242
Physiography	p. 243
Hydrology	p. 248
The Rhine River	p. 250
Physiography	p. 252
Hydrology	p. 255
The Rhône River	p. 255
Physiography	p. 256
Hydrology	p. 260
Conclusion	p. 260
Average Net Primary Production of the Earth's Major Habitats	p. 262
World's Longest Rivers and River Systems	p. 263
Selected Waterfalls of the World	p. 264
Glossary	p. 268
Bibliography	p. 270
Index	p. 278
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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