The Role of Human Rights in Foreign Policy,

Governments use human rights both as a tool and as an objective of foreign policy. The Role of Human Rights in Foreign Policy analyzes conflicting policy goals such as peace and security, economic relations and development cooperation. The use of diplomatic, economic and military means is discussed, together with the role of state actors, intergovernmental organizations and non-state actors.

Peter R. Baehr is an Honorary Professor of Human Rights, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.

Monique Castermans-Holleman is an Assistant Professor of Human Rights and Foreign Policy at Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

Foreword

viii

Preface

x

Preface to the Second Edition

xi

Preface to the Third Revised Edition

xii

1 Introduction

1

(22)

Human rights as a part of foreign policy

1

(2)

Human rights

3

(7)

Rights of the individual

4

(1)

Government abstention

5

(1)

Categories of rights

6

(2)

Hierarchy of human rights

8

(1)

Vertical and horizontal effect

9

(1)

Human rights and the international context

10

(8)

The period before 1945

10

(2)

The Cold War

12

(3)

The 1980's and 1990's

15

(3)

Human rights and the national context

18

(4)

Views regarding the role of morality and human rights in international politics

18

(2)

Small states and superpowers

20

(2)

Conclusion

22

(1)

2 Contemporary Issues

23

(22)

Introduction

23

(1)

The universal character of human rights

24

(4)

Collective rights

28

(4)

Economic, social and cultural rights

32

(4)

Combating impunity

36

(6)

Truth and reconciliation commissions

38

(4)

Conclusion

42

(3)

3 Dilemmas of Foreign Policy

45

(24)

Introduction

45

(2)

Conflicting policy goals

47

(16)

Peace and security

47

(4)

Economic relations

51

(5)

Development cooperation

56

(7)

Other dilemmas

63

(4)

Selectivity

63

(1)

Consistency

64

(1)

Effectiveness

65

(1)

Joint activities

66

(1)

Conclusion

67

(2)

4 Policy Instruments

69

(20)

Introduction

69

(1)

Diplomatic means

70

(3)

Economic means

73

(5)

Economic sanctions

73

(4)

Development aid

77

(1)

Military means: intervention for humanitarian purposes

78

(8)

Apartheid by way of example

86

(1)

Conclusion

87

(2)

5 Actors: States and Intergovernmental Organizations

89

(26)

Introduction

89

(1)

States

90

(11)

The United States

90

(5)

The Netherlands

95

(6)

International organizations

101

(12)

The United Nations

101

(4)

The Council of Europe

105

(2)

The European Union

107

(1)

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

108

(2)

The Organization of American States

110

(1)

The African Union

111

(2)

Conclusion

113

(2)

6 Non-state Actors

115

(14)

Introduction

115

(1)

Non-governmental organizations

116

(6)

Multinational corporations

122

(4)

Other non-state actors

126

(2)

Conclusion

128

(1)

7 Concluding Observations

129

(4)

Appendix: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

133

(6)

Notes

139

(20)

Bibliography

159

(2)

Index

161

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The Role of Human Rights in Foreign Policy, 3rd Edition

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials