The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and

For more than a thousand years, from A.D. 500 to 1700, the medieval kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay grew rich on the gold, salt, and slave trade that stretched across Africa. Scraping away hundreds of years of ignorance, prejudice, and mythology, award-winnnig authors Patricia and Fredrick McKissack reveal the glory of these forgotten empires while inviting us to share in the inspiring process of historical recovery that is taking place today.

Authors' Note

xiii

Map of present-day Africa showing the ancient kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay

xvi

Introduction

xvii

Part I Ghana

Chapter 1

The Origin of Ghana

5

(1)

Wagadu

6

(1)

Dinga's Pui from The Dausi

7

(1)

Dyabe's Pui from The Dausi

8

(2)

The Berbers

10

(1)

Oral Accounts, Early Written Histories, and Modern Archeology

11

(3)

The Coming of Islam

14

(5)

Map of the growth of Islam

17

(2)

Chapter 2

Ghanaian Riches

19

(3)

Map of the kingdom of Ghana circa A.D. 1000

20

(2)

The Smiths

22

(1)

Taghaza

23

(1)

Gold for Salt

24

(1)

Dumb Bartering

25

(1)

The Trade Caravans

26

(2)

Ghana's Government

28

(2)

Map of North African trade routes circa A.D. 400--1700

29

(1)

Ghana's Kings

30

(2)

The Military

32

(1)

Ghanaian Justice

33

(1)

Daily Life

34

(3)

Religious Beliefs

37

(3)

The Fall of Ghana

40

(3)

Part II Mali

Chapter 3

The History of Mali

43

(2)

Map of the growth of the kingdom of Mali from circa A.D. 1000 to 1500

44

(1)

Early Mali

45

(1)

Sumanguru

46

(1)

Sundiata Keita, the Legend and the King

47

(6)

Sundiata the Ruler

53

(2)

After Sundiata

55

(1)

Mansa Kankan Musa I

56

(1)

Ibn Battuta

56

(4)

The Great Hajj

60

(4)

Chapter 4

Timbuktu

64

(2)

Traditional Mandinka Beliefs

66

(2)

The Artisans

68

(2)

Mandinka Arts and Ceremonies

70

(2)

Mandinka Marriage Ceremony

72

(4)

Honor of the Trousers

76

(1)

European Contact

76

(1)

Mali's Trans-Atlantic Exploration

77

(1)

The Fall of Mali

78

(3)

Part III Songhay

Chapter 5

The Niger River

81

(3)

Map of the kingdom of Songhay circa A.D. 800--1580

83

(1)

The History of the Songhay

84

(3)

The Princes' Escape

87

(2)

Sunni Ali Ber

89

(6)

Chapter 6

Religious Conflict

95

(1)

Askia Muhammad Toure

96

(1)

The Reign of Askia Muhammad I

97

(3)

Mahmud al-Kati and Leo Africanus

100

(2)

Timbuktu, Gao, and Jenne

102

(4)

The Slave Trade

106

(4)

Race and Slavery

110

(1)

The Decline and Fall of Songhay

111

(4)

Chapter 7

Freedom Regained

115

(4)

Time Line

119

(5)

Notes

124

(7)

Bibliography

131

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The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay Life in Medieval Africa

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