Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing

Rural families in developing countries make a living by engaging in diverse activities. These range from farming, to rural trade, to migration to distant cities and even abroad. This book explores the implications of rural livelihood diversity for key topics in development studies and for poverty reduction policies. The livelihoods approach is gaining momentum, and this is the first book to set it out in detail.

Frank Ellis is a Professor in the School of Development Studies at the University of East Anglia.

Preface

ix

Acknowledgements

xiii

List of Tables

xv

List of Illustrations

xvi

List of Boxes

xvii

Part I. Concepts, Definitions and Framework

Livelihoods, Diversification and Agrarian Change

3

(25)

Concepts and definitions

7

(11)

Livelihood

7

(3)

Activities and income

10

(4)

Diversity and diversification

14

(2)

A digression on entitlements

16

(2)

Social arenas of analysis

18

(3)

Agrarian change and rural development

21

(6)

Summary

27

(1)

A Framework for Livelihoods Analysis

28

(27)

A framework for the analysis of rural livelihoods

29

(13)

Assets

31

(6)

Mediating processes

37

(3)

Activities and livelihood strategies

40

(2)

Some extensions: substitution, crisis management, adaptation

42

(3)

Utilising the framework for livelihoods analysis

45

(5)

Summary

50

(5)

Part II. Dimensions of Diverse Rural Livelihoods

Determinants of Livelihood Diversification

55

(22)

Necessity versus choice

55

(3)

Seasonality

58

(2)

Risk strategies

60

(1)

Coping, vulnerability and adaptation

61

(5)

Labour markets

66

(4)

Migration in livelihood strategies

70

(4)

Credit market failures

74

(1)

Asset strategies

74

(1)

Summary

75

(2)

Poverty and Income Distribution

77

(21)

Poverty measurement and diverse rural livelihoods

80

(9)

Diversification, poverty and income distribution

89

(7)

Summary

96

(2)

Agriculture and Farm Productivity

98

(19)

The rural growth linkages approach

100

(3)

Livelihood diversification and farm output

103

(8)

On-farm diversification and agricultural intensification

111

(4)

Summary

115

(2)

Environment and Sustainability

117

(22)

Poverty and environment interactions

118

(4)

Economic factors and conservation

122

(2)

Sustainability, livelihoods, and diversity

124

(7)

Resource management institutions and livelihoods

131

(4)

Diversified livelihoods and environments

135

(2)

Summary

137

(2)

Gender and Rural Livelihoods

139

(21)

Gender and poverty

141

(6)

Gender and agriculture

147

(3)

Gender and environment

150

(2)

Labour markets, migration and gender

152

(4)

Assets and gender

156

(2)

Summary

158

(2)

Macro Policies and Reform Agendas

160

(23)

Macro policies and reform

161

(8)

Stabilisation

164

(1)

Adjustment

164

(1)

Reform

165

(1)

Sequencing

165

(1)

Ownership

166

(1)

Outcomes

167

(2)

Macro-micro links and rural livelihoods

169

(2)

Reform and livelihood diversification

171

(3)

The potential upside of reform for rural livelihoods

174

(4)

Summary

178

(5)

Part III. Investigating Livelihoods for Policy Purposes

Methods and Livelihoods

183

(17)

Secondary income data and formal sample surveys

184

(8)

Participatory methods

192

(6)

Combining methods

198

(1)

Summary

199

(1)

A Case-Study in Rural Tanzania

200

(31)

The study area and villages

201

(1)

The focus group discussions

202

(4)

The wealth ranking exercise

206

(1)

Sample survey results

207

(19)

Incomes and assets by village and income group

208

(2)

Household incomes and strategies

210

(2)

Diversity indices

212

(2)

Typologies of livelihood strategies

214

(7)

Subsistence consumption in household strategies

221

(2)

Household assets

223

(3)

Lessons for livelihood analysis

226

(5)

Part IV. Looking Ahead

Livelihoods, Diversification, and Policies

231

(12)

The diversification theme

232

(3)

Key considerations

232

(3)

Positive and negative diversification effects

235

(2)

Criteria for poverty reduction policies

237

(1)

Looking ahead

238

(5)

References

243

(22)

Index of Names

265

(5)

Index of Subjects

270

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Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries

Summary

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Table of Contents

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Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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