Russia and the Arms Trade

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ISBN: 9780198292784 | 0198292783
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/11/1998

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For this study, a group of Russian authors were commissioned to describe and assess the arms trade policies and practices of Russia under new domestic and international conditions. The contributors, drawn from the government, industry, and academic communities, offer a wide range of reports on the political, military, economic, and industrial implications of Russian arms transfers, as well as specific case studies of key bilateral arms transfer relationships.

Preface

(2)

Acknowledgements

xii

(1)

Acronyms

xiii

1. Introduction

(15)

Ian Anthony

I. New tendencies shaping international arms transfers

(2)

II. Russia in the new international arms trade system

(3)

III. Conducting research on Russian arms transfers

(1)

IV. Unresolved issues in Russian arms exports

(7)

V. The future for Russia as an actor in the international arms trade

Table 1.1. Russian arms reportedly supplied to Armenia as a share of exports reported to the UN Register of Conventional Arms, 1993-96

2. Trends in post-cold war international arms transfers

(22)

Ian Anthony

I. The new international environment and the arms trade

(3)

II. The general market trends

(5)

III. Changing economic conditions

(4)

IV. Patterns of Russian arms exports

(5)

V. An assessment of Russia's future in the world arms market

Table 2.1. Shares of the 25 largest recipients of major conventional weapons from the Soviet Union/Russia, 1980-96

Table 2.2. The 10 largest recipients of major conventional weapons from the Soviet Union/Russia, 1982-96

Table 2.3. Shares of different weapon categories in Soviet and Russian exports of conventional weapons, 1980-96

Figure 2.1. Deliveries of major conventional weapons, 1980-96

Figure 2.2. The US share of deliveries of major conventional weapons, 1980-96

Figure 2.3. Regional shares of deliveries of major conventional weapons in 1980, 1987 and 1996

3. Conventional arms transfers during the Soviet period

(33)

Yuriy Kirshin

I. Introduction

(1)

II. General principles guiding Soviet military supplies

(10)

III. Decision-making procedures in the Soviet Union

(5)

IV. Military supplies to socialist countries

(6)

V. Soviet military assistance to developing countries

(6)

VI. Military supplies to political movements and organizations

Table 3.1. The value of Soviet military aid to North Korea, 1949-51

4. Economic dimensions of Soviet and Russian arms exports

(22)

Ian Anthony

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Aggregate data on the value of arms exports

(5)

III. Managing foreign trade with different recipient groups

(7)

IV. The impact of domestic reform on foreign trade

(7)

V. Conclusions

Table 4.1. Official estimates of the value of arms exports, 1988-94

Table 4.2. Export of military and civilian products from enterprises under the State Committee on Defence Industries, 1988-93

Table 4.3. Estimate of the value of Soviet arms exports to developing countries, 1971-80

Table 4.4. Regional distribution of deliveries of arms and military equipment by the former Soviet Union, 1991

Table 4.5. Major developing country debtors to the Soviet Union in 1990

Table 4.6. Financial aspects of the 1994 Malaysian MiG-29 agreement

Figure 4.1. Trends in Soviet/Russian arms exports according to Rosvooruzhenie, 1985-96

Figure 4.2. Rosvooruzhenie and ACDA data on Soviet/Russian arms exports, 1985-96

Figure 4.3. Shares of arms exports to socialist countries by the Soviet Union, 1980-83

5. The influence of external factors on Russia's arms export policy

(14)

Sergey Kortunov

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Competition in the international market and state protectionism

(5)

III. Main issues in domestic discussions of arms transfer control

(2)

IV. The national control system in transition

101

(3)

V. A future agenda for Russian export control

104

(3)

6. The process of policy making and licensing for conventional arms transfers

107

(10)

Peter Litavrin

I. Introduction

107

(1)

II. The organization of arms transfers in Russia

107

(3)

III. The changing relations between government and industry

110

(2)

IV. New principles underlying decision-making procedures

112

(5)

7. The role of the Ministry of Defence in the export of conventional weapons

117

(7)

Yuriy Kirshin

I. Introduction

117

(3)

II. The role of the Ministry of Defence in arms export control

120

(2)

III. Arms exports and Russia's security

122

(2)

8. Russian defence firms and the external market

124

(22)

Elena Denezhkina

I. Introduction

124

(2)

II. Confusion in state defence procurement

126

(4)

III. The position of the defence industry

130

(3)

IV. External economic operations of Russian defence firms

133

(4)

V. Examples of reorganization of Russian defence firms: the view from within

137

(7)

VI. Conclusions

144

Table 8.1. Official Russian defence budgets, outlays and deficits/surpluses, 1992-95

127

Table 8.2. The level of state debt to the defence industry, 1993-96

128

Table 8.3. Index of production volumes in the Russian defence industry as classified by the Ministry of Defence Industry, 1991-96

131

9. Military-technical cooperation between the CIS member states

146

(31)

Alexander A. Sergounin

I. Introduction

146

(1)

II. The impact of the break-up of the Soviet Union

147

(5)

III. Incentives for military-technical cooperation

152

(6)

IV. The legal basis and procedures for military-technical cooperation

158

(3)

V. The CIS legal and institutional framework

161

(3)

VI. The CIS joint air defence system

164

(3)

VII. Bilateral cooperation

167

(8)

VIII. Conclusions

175

Table 9.1. The quotas for armaments under the Tashkent Agreement

148

Table 9.2. Indicators of economic decline in Russian defence industries, 1992-96

150

Table 9.3. Index of the level of military-technical cooperation between Russia and the CIS member states in select areas

168

Figure 9.1. CIS organs involved in military-technical cooperation

164

10. Military-technical cooperation between Russia and countries of East-Central Europe

177

(17)

Irina Kobrinskaya

Peter Litavrin

I. Introduction

177

(1)

II. The legacy of the WTO

178

(4)

III. Military-technical cooperation between Russia and East-Central European states

182

(3)

IV. The defence industry and arms transfer policies of East-Central European states towards Russia

185

(7)

V. Conclusions

192

(2)

11. Sino-Russian military-technical cooperation: a Russian view

194

(23)

Alexander A. Sergounin

Sergey V. Subbotin

I. Introduction

194

(1)

II. Economic incentives for cooperation

195

(3)

III. Political and strategic considerations

198

(2)

IV. The management of arms transfers to China

200

(5)

V. Major bilateral programmes

205

(10)

VI. Conclusions

215

Table 11.1. Deliveries of major conventional weapons to China, 1990-94

206

Table 11.2. Deliveries of major conventional weapons to China from the former Soviet Union, 1990-97

208

12. Illicit arms transfers

217

(16)

Ian Anthony

I. Introduction

217

(3)

II. The extent and forms of illicit arms transfers

220

(2)

III. Sources of supply and demand

222

(6)

IV. The case of arms supplies to Chechnya

228

(3)

V. Conclusions

231

Table 12.1. Select equipment allegedly transferred to Armenia from the Group of Russian Forces in the Caucasus, 1993-96

225

Table 12.2. Basic weapons and military equipment seized on the territory of the Chechen Republic

229

Appendix 1. The Guidelines for Conventional Arms Transfers, 1991

233

(1)

Appendix 2. The OSCE Criteria on Conventional Arms Transfers

234

(2)

Appendix 3. Russia's conventional arms export regulations

236

(49)

Gennadiy Gornostaev and SIPRI

1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries (basic provisions), no. 1008, 5 Oct. 1995

238

(1)

2. Regulations on military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries, approved by decree no. 1008, 5 Oct. 1995

238

(5)

3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the Inter-departmental Coordinating Council for Military-Technical Policy of the Russian Federation, no. 590, 14 June 1995

243

(1)

4. Regulations on the Interdepartmental Coordinating Council for Military-Technical Policy of the Russian Federation, approved by decree no. 590, 14th June 1995

243

(3)

5. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation approving the Regulations on the status of the Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the State Company Rosvooruzhenie, no. 450, 4 Mar. 1994

246

(1)

6. Regulations on the Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the State Company Rosvooruzhenie, approved by decree no. 450, 4 Mar. 1994

246

(2)

7. Regulations on the procedure for imposing embargo on deliveries of armaments and military equipment, the provision of services of a military-technical nature, and on deliveries of raw and other materials and equipment and the transfer of military and dual-purpose technologies to foreign states, including the CIS member states, approved by decree no. 235, 18 Feb. 1993

248

(1)

8. Law of the Russian Federation on the Conversion of the Defence Industry, Law no. 2551-1, 20 Mar. 1992, section 4, articles 9, 10

249

(1)

9. Law of the Russian Federation on State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity, passed by the State Duma on 7 July 1995, articles 6, 12

250

(2)

10. Decision of the Government of the Russian Federation on granting enterprises of the Russian Federation the right to participate in military-technical cooperation with foreign countries, no. 479, 6 May 1994

252

(1)

11. Regulations on the certification and registering of enterprises for the right to export armaments, military equipment and military-purpose work and services, approved by decision no. 479, 6 May 1994

253

(2)

12. Decision of the Government of the Russian Federation on measures for improving the system of control over the export and import of military-purpose products, work and services in the Russian Federation, no. 879, 4 Sep. 1995

255

(1)

13. Regulations on the procedure for licensing export and import of military-purpose products, work and services in the Russian Federation, approved by decision no. 879, 4 Sep. 1995

256

(3)

14. Inventory of military-purpose products, work and services the export and import of which are subject to control and performed under licences issued by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the Russian Federation, approved by decision no. 879 4 Sep. 1995

259

(3)

15. Instruction of the Government of the Russian Federation, no. 1683-i, 24 Oct. 1994

262

(1)

16. Instruction of the Government of the Russian Federation, no. 202-i, 19 Feb. 1996

263

(1)

17. Instruction of the Government of the Russian Federation, no. 203-i, 19 Feb. 1996

263

(1)

18. Instruction of the Government of the Russian Federation, no. 204-i, 19 Feb. 1996

264

(1)

19. Instruction of the Government of the Russian Federation, no. 205-i, 19 Feb. 1996

265

(1)

20. Instruction of the Government of the Russian Federation, no. 206-i, 19 Feb. 1996

266

(1)

21. Instruction of the Government of the Russian Federation, no. 207-i, 19 Feb. 1996

266

(1)

22. Instruction of the Government of the Russian Federation, no. 208-i, 19 Feb. 1996

267

(1)

23. Decision of the Government of the Russian Federation affirming the Statute on the procedure for the making available of information by the Russian Federation on deliveries of conventional arms in accordance with the Wassenaar Arrangement, no. 923. 3 Aug. 1996

268

(2)

24. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation approving the Statute on the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade of the Russian Federation, no. 402, 7 Apr. 1997

270

(8)

25. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on measures to improve the system of management of military-technical cooperation with foreign states, no. 792, 28 July 1997

278

(1)

26. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on measures to strengthen state control of foreign trade activity in the field of military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states, no. 907, 20 Aug. 1997

279

(2)

27. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Promexport, no. 908, 20 Aug. 1997

281

(1)

28. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the Federal State Unitary Enterprise the State Company Rosvooruzhenie, no. 910, 20 Aug. 1997

281

(1)

29. Statute of the Interdepartmental Coordinating Council for Military-Technical Cooperation between the Russian Federation and Foreign States, 20 Aug. 1997

282

(3)

About the authors

285

(2)

Index

287

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Russia and the Arms Trade

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