Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revolution,

This is the first book in English for half a century to examine the complexities of Russian messianism, both as a whole and in its interaction with Communism. Peter Duncan considers its Orthodox roots and focuses on Russia's geopolitical experience and situation to explain the endurance of this phenomenon.

Peter J. S. Duncan is Senior Lecturer in Contemporary Russian Politics and Society at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London.

Acknowledgements

x

List of abbreviations

xi

Note on transliteration and dates

xiv

Introduction

1

(5)

The origins of Russian messianism

6

(12)

Messianism

6

(1)

Jewish messianism

7

(1)

Christian messianism

8

(1)

Messianism in the West

9

(1)

Moscow, the Third Rome

10

(2)

Church and State in Muscovy and eighteenth-century Russia

12

(2)

Holy Russia

14

(2)

National consciousness

16

(2)

The Slavophils and Russian messianism under Nicholas I

18

(12)

Two ideologies

18

(1)

Influences on official narodnost' and Slavophilism: Chaadaev

19

(2)

Pushkin and Gogol

21

(1)

Slavophilism and the Slavophils

22

(1)

Khomiakov

22

(1)

Ivan Kireevsky

23

(1)

Konstantin Aksakov

24

(1)

Pan-Slavism

25

(1)

Tolerance and repression

26

(2)

Russian messianism and the Crimean War

28

(2)

Pro-Tsarist forms of Russian messianism: Pan-Slavism, Dostoevsky and Solovyov

30

(18)

From Slavophilism to pan-Slavism

30

(2)

Slavophilism and pochvennichestvo

32

(1)

Pan-Slavism, 1867--78: Danilevsky

32

(2)

Dostoevsky

34

(8)

Alexander III, Nicholas II and the Jews

42

(1)

Leontev

42

(1)

Fyodorov

43

(1)

Vladimir Solovyov

44

(2)

Vekhi

46

(2)

Messianism and revolution: from Herzen to Stalin

48

(14)

Herzen

48

(1)

Marxist messianism

49

(2)

Marxism in Russia

51

(1)

The October Revolution and Russian messianism

52

(2)

Berdiaev's view of Russian Communism

54

(1)

Russian identity under Lenin and Stalin

55

(3)

The Russian Orthodox Church and Russian messianism under Lenin and Stalin

58

(2)

Stalinism and Russian messianism: an appraisal

60

(2)

De-Stalinization and the growth of Russian national consciousness: the Khrushchev era

62

(6)

Literature and Russian national consciousness: early village prose, Solzhenitsyn and Novyi mir

62

(2)

Unofficial political activity

64

(1)

The anti-religious campaign and the Russian Orthodox Church

65

(3)

The Brezhnev era: cultural Russian nationalism

68

(14)

Cultural Russian nationalism, 1964--70: Molodaia gvardiia and its critics

69

(6)

Russian nationalism in literature and art, 1970--81

75

(2)

Russian nationalism in history, 1970--81: Likhachev, the gosudarstvenniki and Kulikovo

77

(5)

The Brezhnev era: dissident Russian messianism

82

(28)

The All-Russian Social-Christian Union for the Emancipation of the People (VSKhSON)

82

(2)

Dissent within the Russian Orthodox Church and Russian messianism

84

(4)

``Slovo natsu''

88

(1)

Veche

89

(7)

Solzhenitsyn and Russian messianism: Letter to the Soviet Leaders and From under the Rubble

96

(4)

Gennady Shimanov

100

(4)

Dimitry Dudko, the Christian Seminar and the Christian Committee

104

(6)

Andropov and Chernenko against Russian nationalism

110

(5)

The dissidents

110

(1)

The literary struggle

111

(1)

Ideology and the leadership

112

(3)

Gorbachev and the end of empire

115

(15)

The beginnings of glasnost'

116

(6)

The growth of nationality tensions

122

(4)

The final struggle

126

(4)

Post-Soviet Russia: the victories and defeat of Gennady Ziuganov

130

(11)

The failure of the reformers

130

(3)

The Russian idea and the opposition

133

(8)

Conclusion

141

(8)

Notes

149

(34)

Bibliography

183

(41)

Index

224

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Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revolution, Communism and After

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