- ISBN: 9780672333316 | 0672333317
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 4/14/2011
The best-selling C++ tutorial - updated for the latest standards, and enhanced to be even more engaging for beginners Teaches C++ as a first programming language, through short, simple chapters that can be completed in no more than an hour each Includes well-crafted, up-to-date, and concise examples, and provides a C++ compiler to test them Contains new and revised material that reflects the forthcoming new C++ language standard Sams Teach Yourself C++ in 24 Hours, 5/e, will help C++ beginners gain true mastery over the latest version of the C++ standard. In this book's straightforward, step-by-step approach, each lesson builds on everything that's come before, helping readers learn C++'s core features and techniques from the ground up. Friendly, accessible, and conversational, this book offers a practical grounding in the language, without ever becoming overwhelming or intimidating. Readers master key concepts, syntax, and techniques through short, practical examples that reflect today's best practices and cross-platform language standards. Coverage includes: organizing C++ programs; using variables, constants, expressions, statements, operators, and functions; controlling program flow; working with arrays and strings; creating basic and advanced classes; managing memory; using operator overloading; working with inheritance, polymorphism, and linked lists; reading and writing IO; employing object-oriented analysis and design; creating templates; handling exceptions and errors; and much more. By the time readers are finished with this book's lessons, they won't just understand C++: they'll be comfortable using it in real-world projects.
Jesse Liberty is the author of numerous books on software development, including best-selling titles on C++ and .NET. He is the president of Liberty Associates, Inc. (http://www.libertyassociates. com), where he provides custom programming, consulting, and training.
Rogers Cadenhead is a writer, computer programmer, and web developer who has written 23 books on Internet-related topics, including Sams Teach Yourself Java in 21 Days and Sams Teach Yourself Java in 24 Hours. He publishes the Drudge Retort and other websites that receive more than 22 million visits a year. This book’s official website is at http://cplusplus.cadenhead.org.
Introduction 1
Part I: Beginning C++
HOUR 1: Writing Your First Program 5
Using C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Finding a Compiler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Compiling and Linking the Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Creating Your First Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
HOUR 2: Organizing the Parts of a Program 15
Reasons to Use C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Parts of a Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
HOUR 3: Creating Variables and Constants 29
What Is a Variable?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Defining a Variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Assigning Values to Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Using Type Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
HOUR 4: Using Expressions, Statements, and Operators 43
Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
If-Else Conditional Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Tricky Expression Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
HOUR 5: Calling Functions 63
What Is a Function? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Declaring and Defining Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Using Variables with Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Function Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Returning Values from Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Default Function Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Overloading Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
HOUR 6: Controlling the Flow of a Program 81
Looping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
while Loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
do-while Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
for Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
switch Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
HOUR 7: Storing Information in Arrays and Strings 97
What Is an Array? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Writing Past the End of Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Initializing Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Multidimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Character Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Copying Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Part II: Classes
HOUR 8: Creating Basic Classes 111
What Is a Type? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Creating New Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Classes and Members. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Accessing Class Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Private Versus Public Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Implementing Member Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Creating and Deleting Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
HOUR 9: Moving into Advanced Classes 125
const Member Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Interface Versus Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Organizing Class Declarations and Function Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Inline Implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Classes with Other Classes as Member Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Part III: Memory Management
HOUR 10: Creating Pointers 137
Understanding Pointers and Their Usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
The Stack and the Heap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
HOUR 11: Developing Advanced Pointers 155
Creating Objects on the Heap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Deleting Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Accessing Data Members Using Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Member Data on the Heap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
The this Pointer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Stray or Dangling Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
const Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
const Pointers and const Member Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
HOUR 12: Creating References 169
What Is a Reference? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Creating a Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Using the Address of Operator on References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
What Can Be Referenced?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Null Pointers and Null References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Passing Function Arguments by Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Understanding Function Headers and Prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Returning Multiple Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
HOUR 13: Developing Advanced References and Pointers 185
Passing by Reference for Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Passing a const Pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
References as an Alternative to Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
When to Use References and When to Use Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Don’t Return a Reference to an Object That Isn’t in Scope!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Returning a Reference to an Object on the Heap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Pointer, Pointer, Who Has the Pointer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Part IV: Advanced C++
HOUR 14: Calling Advanced Functions 201
Overloaded Member Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Using Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Initializing Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
The Copy Constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
HOUR 15: Using Operator Overloading 215
Operator Overloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Conversion Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Part V: Inheritance and Polymorphism
HOUR 16: Extending Classes with Inheritance 233
What Is Inheritance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Private Versus Protected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Constructors and Destructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Passing Arguments to Base Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Overriding Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
HOUR 17: Using Polymorphism and Derived Classes 253
Polymorphism Implemented with Virtual Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 253
How Virtual Member Functions Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
HOUR 18: Making Use of Advanced Polymorphism 269
Problems with Single Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 269
Abstract Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
HOUR 19: Storing Information in Linked Lists 289
Linked Lists and Other Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Linked List Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Linked Lists as Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Part VI: Special Topics
HOUR 20: Using Special Classes, Functions, and Pointers 303
Static Member Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Static Member Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Containment of Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Friend Classes and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
HOUR 21: Using New Features of C++0x 331
The Next Version of C++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Null Pointer Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Compile-Time Constant Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 333
Auto-Typed Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
New for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
HOUR 22: Employing Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 343
The Development Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Simulating an Alarm System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
PostMaster: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
HOUR 23: Creating Templates 373
What Are Templates?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Instances of the Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Template Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Using Template Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
HOUR 24: Dealing with Exceptions and Error Handling 389
Bugs, Errors, Mistakes, and Code Rot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Handling the Unexpected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Using try and catch Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Writing Professional-Quality Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Part VII: Appendices
APPENDIX A: Binary and Hexadecimal 409
APPENDIX B: Glossary 419
APPENDIX C: This Book’s Website 427
TOC, 9780672333316, 3/21/11
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