Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization

, by Lenore A. Grenoble , Lindsay J. Whaley

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ISBN: 9780521016520 | 0521016525
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/12/2005

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Language endangerment has been the focus of much attention and as a result, a wide range of people are working to revitalize and maintain local languages. This book serves as a general reference guide to language revitalization, written not only for linguists and anthropologists, but also for language activists and community members who believe they should ensure the future use of their languages, despite their predicted loss. Drawing extensively on case studies, it sets out the necessary background and highlights central issues such as literacy, policy decisions, and allocation of resources. Its primary goal is to provide the essential tools for a successful language revitalization program, such as setting and achieving realistic goals, and anticipating and resolving common obstacles. Clearly written and informative, Saving Languages will be an invaluable resource for all those interested in the fate of small language communities around the globe.

Preface

1 Language revitalization as a global issue

(20)

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Assessing language vitality

(10)

3 Terminology

(3)

4 Levels of language endangerment and loss

(3)

5 Why revitalization?

(2)

2 Issues in language revitalization

(29)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Macro-variables

(16)

2.1 The extra-national level

(2)

2.2 The national level

(10)

2.2.1 Language policy

(4)

2.2.2 Language attitudes

(2)

2.2.3 Education policies

(1)

2.2.4 Regional autonomy

(1)

2.2.5 Federal support

(1)

2.3 Regional variables

(3)

2.3.1 Regional languages

(1)

2.3.2 Language density

(2)

3 Micro-variables: the local level

(7)

3.1 Language attitudes

(2)

3.2 Human resources

(1)

3.3 Religion

(2)

3.4 Literacy

(1)

3.5 Financial resources

(1)

4 Case study: Cornish

(3)

5 Establishing appropriate goals

(2)

3 Models for revitalization

(19)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Total-immersion programs

(4)

2.1 Te Kohanga Reo, the language nest

(3)

3 Partial-immersion or bilingual programs

(1)

4 The local language as a second, "foreign" language

(2)

5 Community-based programs

(2)

6 Master-apprentice program

(3)

7 Language reclamation models

(5)

8 Documentation as revitalization?

(1)

4 Case studies

(33)

1 Languages of the North: Siberian native languages and Soviet policy

(8)

2 Shuar (South America)

(8)

3 The Mohawk Immersion Program in Kahnawà:ke (Canada)

(8)

4 Hawaiian

(8)

5 Literacy

102

(35)

1 Introduction

102

(1)

2 Models of literacy

103

(10)

2.1 Autonomous literacy

104

(2)

2.2 Vai literacy as a counterexample to autonomous literacy

106

(2)

2.3 New Literacy Studies

108

(2)

2.3.1 Local and social literacies

109

(1)

2.4 Functional literacy

110

(3)

3 Literacy in language revitalization

113

(9)

3.1 Why literacy?

116

(2)

3.1.1 Prestige

116

(1)

3.1.2 Empowerment

117

(1)

3.1.3 Literacy as a basic human right

118

(1)

3.2 Arguments against literacy

118

(4)

3.2.1 Shifting from an oral to a written culture

118

(2)

3.2.2 The lack of a written tradition

120

(1)

3.2.3 Transitional literacy

121

(1)

4 Instituting local literacy

122

(11)

4.1 Attitudes

123

(3)

4.2 Assessing the prospects for successful local literacy

126

(1)

4.3 Creating a context

127

(2)

4.4 Standardization

129

(4)

5 Literacy teachers

133

(2)

6 Conclusion

135

(2)

6 Orthography

137

(23)

1 introduction

137

(2)

2 Writing systems

139

(1)

3 Linguistic and cognitive considerations

140

(2)

4 Social issues

142

(4)

5 Uncierdifferentiation and functional load

146

(3)

6 Tone

149

(2)

7 Standardization of orthographies

151

(7)

7.1 Motivations for standardization

153

(1)

7.2 Implications of standardization

154

(2)

7.3 Process of standardization

156

(2)

8 Recommendations

158

(2)

7 Creating a language program

160

(45)

1 Preliminaries

160

(16)

1.1 Assessment of resources

160

(1)

1.2 Assessment of language vitality

161

(5)

1.3 Assessment of language variation

166

(4)

1.4 Assessment of needs, goals, and attitudes

170

(6)

1.4.1 Assessing attitudes

171

(2)

1.4.2 A reality check on surveys

173

(1)

1.4.3 Goals and needs

174

(2)

2 Potential problems and how to avoid them

176

(4)

2.1 Problems that occur internal to the community

176

(2)

2.2 External barriers

178

(2)

3 Updating the lexicon

180

(4)

4 Creating a literacy program

184

(5)

4.1 Literacy assessment

184

(2)

4.2 Creating a written language

186

(1)

4.3 Creating materials

187

(2)

5 Teacher training

189

(1)

6 The role of technology

190

(2)

7 The role of the outsider

192

(5)

7.1 The academic

193

(3)

7.2 The missionary-linguist

196

(1)

8 Evaluation and long-term prognosis

197

(1)

9 Sample survey questions

198

(4)

9.1 Language vitality

198

(1)

9.2 Variation

199

(1)

9.3 Attitudes

199

(1)

9.4 Basic literacy survey

200

(1)

9.5 Program evaluation

201

(1)

10 Checklist of procedures

202

(3)

Appendix: Online resources

205

(2)

References

207

(15)

Index of languages

222

(3)

General index

225

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Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization

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Table of Contents

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Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization

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Table of Contents

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