Science, Empire and the European Exploration

This collection of essays assesses the interrelationship between exploration, empire-building and science in the opening up of the Pacific Ocean by Europeans between the early 16th and mid-19th century. It explores both the role of various sciences in enabling European imperial projects in the region and how the exploration of the Pacific in turn shaped emergent scientific disciplines and their claims to authority within Europe. Together with the introductory essay, the studies included constitute a significant body of scholarship that offers many important insights for anthropologists and geographers, as well as for historians of science and European imperialism.

Acknowledgements

vii

General Editors' Preface

xi

Introduction

xv

PART ONE -- VISIONS OF THE PACIFIC

`South Sea' to `Pacific Ocean'

3

(8)

O.H.K. Spate

Mercator's Southern Continent: Its Origins, Influence and Gradual Demise

11

(32)

W.A.R. Richardson

Shared Vision: Herman Moll and His Circle and the Great South Sea

43

(12)

Dennis Reinhartz

PART TWO -- THE IMPERIAL SCIENCES OF EXPLORATION

Finding the Way Home: Spanish Exploration of the Round-Trip Route across the Pacific Ocean

55

(20)

Harry Kelsey

Eighteenth Century Science and the Voyages of Discovery

75

(18)

J.C. Beaglehole

A Royal Society Appointment with Venus in 1769: The Voyage of Cook and Banks in the Endeavour in 1768--71 and its Botanical Results

93

(30)

William T. Stearn

The Ship as a Scientific Instrument in the Eighteenth Century

123

(16)

Richard Sorrenson

Banks, Bligh and Breadfruit

139

(18)

David Mackay

Scientific Books and Instruments for an Eighteenth-Century Voyage around the World: Antonio Pineda and the Malaspina Expedition

157

(14)

Barbara G. Beddall

Of Fish and Men: Spanish Marine Science During the Late Eighteenth Century

171

(28)

Iris H. Wilson Engstrand

The Search for a Sea Passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific via North America's Coast: On the History of a Scientific Competition

199

(26)

Alexei V. Postnikov

PART THREE -- CULTURAL CONTACT, COMPARISON AND CLASSIFICATION

(En)-Countering Knowledge Traditions: The Story of Cook and Tupaia

225

(22)

David Turnbull

`Le President des Terres Australes': Charles de Brosses and the French Enlightenment Beginnings of Oceanic Anthropology

247

(30)

Tom Ryan

Seamen and Philosophers in the South Seas in the Age of Captain Cook

277

(20)

Glyndwr Williams

Melanesians and Polynesians: Ethnic Typifications Inside and Outside Anthropology

297

(24)

Nicholas Thomas

The `Oriental Renaissance' in the Pacific: Orientalism, Language and Ethnogenesis in the British Pacific

321

(24)

Tony Ballantyne

Minute Particulars and the Representation of South Pacific Discovery

345

(14)

Jonathan Lamb

Index

359

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Science, Empire and the European Exploration of the Pacific

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