Religions of the World

, by Nielsen, Niels C.; Hein, Norvin; Reynolds, Frank E.; Miller, Alan L.; Karff, Samuel E.; Cowan, Alice C.; McLean, Paul; Burford, Grace G.; Fenton, John Y.; Grillo, Laura; Leeper, Elizabeth; Forman, Robert K. C.

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ISBN: 9780312050238 | 0312050232
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/15/1993

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Religions of the Worldsurveys the major religions of the world today, as well as significant faiths of the past (Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, and primal traditions) and provides writings by noted scholars, each of whom expands on his or her area of specialization.

Introduction: Religion and Religions of the World

(1)

Understanding Religion In The Context of Pluralism

(1)

Developing A Cross-Cultural Model of Religion: Religious Needs and Satisfactions

(2)

The Structure of Religion

(1)

Relationships between Human Beings and Sacred Realities

(3)

Describing Sacred Realities

(3)

The Relationship between Religious Need and Religious Satisfaction

(1)

Processes of Transformation

(5)

Puberty Rites among the Bambara of Mali

(1)

The Hindu Sacred Thread Ceremony

(1)

The Eightfold Path as Transformation

(1)

Calendar Rituals

(1)

Sacred Places

(1)

Religious Specialists

(1)

Life after Death

(1)

Cultural Traditions That Incorporate Systems of Symbols

(4)

Changes in Religions

(1)

Religious Traditions and Their Systems of Symbols

(1)

Religion and Society

(1)

How To Read This Book

(1)

Questions to Ask

(1)

Using Maps and Time Lines

(4)

PART ONE Primal Religions and Religions of Antiquity

The Diversity and Vitalty of Primal Religions

(26)

An Approach to Primal Religions

(1)

Sacred Speech: Myths

(1)

Sacred Acts: The Ritual Context

(1)

Sacred Place: Situation in Time and Space

(1)

Australian Aboriginal Religions

(1)

Early Investigations

(1)

Religion by Region

(1)

Sacred Speech: Mythic Themes and Worldview

(2)

Sacred Acts: Ritual Practice

(1)

North American Religious Traditions

(1)

Religion by Region

(3)

Sacred Place and Worldview

(1)

Sacred Acts: Ritual Practice

(2)

Sacred Words: Narrative, Song, and Prayer

(1)

African Religions

(2)

Religion by Region

(1)

Early Investigations

(1)

Worldview

(2)

Supreme Being

(1)

Secondary Divinities

(1)

An African Myth

(1)

Ancestors: The Living Dead

(1)

Sacred Acts: Ritual Practice

(5)

Sacred Words: Mythic Themes

(1)

Notes

(2)

Religions of Antiquity

(36)

Egyptian Religion

(1)

Egypt in History

(1)

Religious Life in Egypt

(1)

Creation Myths

(2)

The Cosmology of Hermopolis

(1)

Overview of Egyptian Cosmologies

(1)

Popular Deities and Beliefs

(3)

Immortality and the Cult of Osiris

(1)

Journey to the Underworld

(2)

Akhenaton, the Religious Innovator

(1)

The Legacy of Egyptian Religion

(1)

Mesopotamia: Power Conflicts and Order

(1)

Sumer and Akkad

(2)

Religion in Sumer and Akkad

(1)

Pluralism and Polytheism

(1)

Babylonia and Assyria

(2)

Religion in Babylonia and Assyria

(1)

The Epic of Creation

(1)

The Temple Cult

(1)

Gilgamesh

(1)

The Legacy of Mesopotamian Religion

(1)

Zoroastrianism: The Battle Between Good And Evil

(1)

Historical Roots

(1)

Zarathustra's Career

(1)

Early Zoroastrianism

(1)

Beliefs of Early Zoroastrianism

(1)

Later Zoroastrianism

(1)

Manichaeism

(1)

Zoroastrianism Today

(1)

The Greek Heritage

(1)

Aegean Civilization: Crete and Mycenae

(1)

The Homeric Age

(2)

The Twelve Gods of Olympus

(1)

Moira: The Influence of Fate

(1)

Hesiod and the Creation Myths

(1)

Greece in History

(3)

Civic Religion and Festivals

(1)

Folk Religion

(1)

The Growth of Humanism

(1)

The Mystery Religions

(2)

The Eleusinian Mysteries

(1)

Other Cults

(1)

Roman Society And Religion

(1)

The Emergence of Rome

(1)

Roman Religion

(3)

Basic Concepts

(1)

Tradition and Innovation

(1)

The Indo-European Heritage

(1)

Priesthoods and Festivals

(1)

Later Developments

(1)

Northern European Mythologies

(1)

The Celts

(1)

The Druids

(1)

The Germanic and Scandinvian Tribes

(4)

The Twilight of the Gods

(1)

Historical Sources

(1)

Scandinavian Religions

(2)

Notes

(4)

PART TWO Religions of India

The Earliest Forms of Hinduism

(19)

Geographic Setting

(1)

India: A Land of Farmers

(1)

India's Isolation and Stability

(1)

The Quest for Inner Peace and Harmony

(2)

The Indus Civilization

(1)

Religion in the Indus Culture

(2)

End of the Indus Civilization

(1)

The Religion of The Vedas

(1)

The Culture of the Early Aryas

(1)

The Vedas

(1)

The Rigveda

(1)

The Samaveda and the Yajurveda

(1)

The Fourth Veda

(1)

The Vedic Worldview

(7)

Rigveda 10.129: A Hymn of Creation

(1)

The Devas or Vedic Gods

(1)

The Pattern of the Srauta Sacrifice

(3)

Rituals of the Vedic Age

(1)

The Srauta Rites

(1)

Later Literature of the Priestly Schools

(1)

The Unity of Vedic Religion

(1)

Vedic and Hebrew Ultimates Compared

(1)

The Rise of the Concept of Brahman

(1)

The Vedas in Later Hinduism

100

(1)

Notes

101

(1)

Classical Hinduism: The Way of Action

102

(13)

Social Codes of the New Society

102

(1)

The Caste System

103

(2)

Origin of the Social Classes

103

(1)

Duties of the Social Classes

104

(1)

Manu on the Stages of Life

104

(1)

Krishnapur: A Twentieth-Century Caste Community

105

(3)

Karma and Rebirth

107

(1)

The Rituals of Classical Hinduism

108

(4)

Rites of the Rounds of Life

110

(2)

The Hindu Temple and Its Rituals

112

(1)

Rites of the Village Godlings

113

(1)

The Place of Religious Practice in Hinduism

113

(1)

Notes

114

(1)

Classical Hinduism: The Way of Knowledge

115

(13)

The Upanishads

115

(7)

Discussions of Brahman

116

(2)

The Search for an Undying Soul

118

(2)

The Way of Knowledge in a Upanishad Text

120

(2)

The Vedanta Tradition

122

(5)

Levels of Knowledge

122

(1)

Sankara's Doctrine of Maya

123

(1)

The Sannyasi, Renouncer of the World

123

(2)

Yoga

125

(2)

Note

127

(1)

Classical Hinduism: The Way of Devotion

128

(15)

The Worship of Siva

129

(2)

The Lingam and Yoni Emblem

129

(1)

Siva as the One God

130

(1)

The Saktas

131

(1)

Tantrism

132

(1)

The Worship of Vishnu

132

(1)

Vishnu in the Vedic Age

132

(1)

Origins of the Vaishnava Tradition

133

(1)

The Bhagavadgita

133

(2)

The Later Vaishnava Tradition

135

(5)

The Identification of Krishna with Vishnu

135

(1)

The Avatars

135

(1)

Defenders of Vaishnava Belief

136

(1)

The Cult of Gopala

137

(1)

Krishna and the Gopis

138

(2)

The Worship of Rama

140

(1)

Action, Devotion, Knowledge: A Retrospect on the Three Ways

141

(1)

Notes

142

(1)

Modern Hinduism

143

(8)

The British Presence

143

(1)

The Brahmo Samaj

144

(1)

The Arya Samaj

145

(1)

Hindu Religious Nationalism

146

(1)

Mahatma Gandhi

147

(1)

Recent Religious Leaders

147

(2)

Ramakrishna Paramahamsa

148

(1)

Svami Vivekananda

148

(1)

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

148

(1)

Rabindranath Tagore

148

(1)

The Morale of Contemporary Hinduism

149

(1)

Notes

150

(1)

Jainism and Sikhism

151

(14)

Jainism

151

(1)

The Followers of the Victor

151

(1)

Makers of the River Crossing

152

(2)

Jain Philosophy and Cosmology

154

(1)

Jain Ethics

154

(1)

Jain Laity

155

(1)

Jain Temples

155

(1)

Sikhism

156

(1)

The Way of the Disciples

156

(1)

Early Sikhism

156

(1)

The Sant Background and the Poet Kabir

156

(1)

Nanak's Career

157

(1)

Sikhism and Sufism

158

(1)

The Founder's Teaching

158

(1)

The Concept of God

159

(1)

Later Sikhism

159

(1)

Sikhism in the Modern Era

160

(1)

Notes

161

(4)

PART THREE Buddhism

The Rise of Buddhism

165

(12)

The Life of The Buddha

165

(4)

The Teachings of The Buddha: The Dharma

169

(1)

The Four Noble Truths

169

(1)

Suffering

169

(1)

The Cause of Suffering

170

(1)

The Cessation of Suffering

170

(1)

The Path out of Suffering

170

(1)

Correlated Buddhist Doctrines

170

(1)

Pratitya Samutpada: Interdependent Arising

170

(1)

Anatman: No Self

171

(1)

Early Collected Teachings

171

(1)

The Early Buddhist Community: The Sangha

171

(1)

Buddhist Life Styles

171

(4)

Buddhism, Upanishadic Hinduism, and Jainism on Salvation

172

(1)

Forest Monks

173

(1)

Settled Monastics

174

(1)

Lay Supporters: Householders

174

(1)

Early Buddhism and The ``New Society''

175

(1)

Buddhism in the Mauryan Empire

175

(1)

Note

176

(1)

The Development of Buddhism in India

177

(17)

The Buddha

178

(4)

The Young Quail Jataka

178

(2)

Theravada and Mahayana Attitudes toward the Buddha

180

(2)

Dharma

182

(1)

Conservative Doctrines: Abhidharma

182

(1)

Mahayana Doctrines: Madhyamika and Yogacara

182

(1)

Sangha and Community

183

(5)

Conservative and Mahayana Communities

185

(1)

The Mahayanist ``Thought of Enlightenment''

186

(2)

Buddhism and Society in Classical India

188

(1)

The Apogee and Decline of Indian Buddhism

188

(1)

Conservative, Mahayana, and Vajrayana Buddhism

189

(2)

Vajrayana Developments of Dharma

189

(1)

Living Buddhas of Vajrayana

190

(1)

New Vajrayana Practices

190

(1)

The Vajrayana Sangha

191

(1)

The Decline of Buddhism in India

191

(2)

Notes

193

(1)

Buddhism as a World Religion

194

(29)

Buddhism Expansion

194

(1)

Patterns in the Spread of Buddhism

194

(1)

Buddhism In ``Greater India''

195

(1)

Growth and Consolidation of Theravada Traditions

195

(2)

Royal Traditions in Southeast Asia

197

(1)

Buddhist Religious Monuments

197

(1)

Theravada Culture in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia

198

(1)

Religious Trends in Theravada Culture

199

(1)

Developments in Buddhology

199

(1)

Extensions of Dharma

200

(1)

Sangha and Community Life

200

(1)

Buddhism in Central Asia, China, And Japan

200

(1)

Northwestern India and Central Asia

201

(1)

China

202

(2)

The Golden Age from Han to Tang

202

(2)

From Tang to the Present

204

(1)

Korea and Vietnam

204

(1)

Japan

205

(1)

Buddhist Trends in East Asia

206

(4)

New Roles for Buddhas and Bodhisattvas

206

(1)

Dharma: The Great Synthetic Schools

207

(1)

Dharma: Other East Asian Schools

208

(1)

Sangha: Patterns of Communal Life

209

(1)

Sangha: The Laity

209

(1)

Buddhism In Tibet

210

(1)

The Establishment of Buddhism in Tibet

211

(1)

The Reestablishment of Buddhism

211

(1)

The Gelukpa Reform

211

(1)

Religious Trends

212

(1)

Buddhas and Bodhisattvas

212

(1)

The Dharma

212

(1)

The Sangha and Society: Continuity and Enrichment

212

(1)

Authority in the Tibetan Tradition

213

(1)

Buddhism in the Modern Era

213

(1)

Reform Movements

214

(1)

Buddha

214

(1)

Dharma

214

(1)

Sangha

214

(1)

The Communist Challenge

215

(1)

Buddhism in Non-Communist Asia

216

(1)

Expansion in Indonesia and India

217

(1)

Expansion in the West

217

(1)

Buddhism and the Future

218

(1)

Notes

218

(5)

PART FOUR Religions of China and Japan

Roots of Religion In China

223

(15)

The Unity of Chinese Religions

224

(1)

China's Early Religious History

225

(1)

The Shang Dynasty

225

(1)

The Zhou Dynasty

226

(3)

Zhou Deities and the Dao

227

(1)

Social Order and Natural Order

228

(1)

Yin and Yang

228

(1)

Ultimacy

229

(1)

The Age of The Hundred Philosophers

229

(1)

Confucius: The Ritualization of Life

230

(3)

Li and Social Order

230

(1)

Ren and Humaneness

231

(1)

The Confucian Sage and the Glorification of the Past

232

(1)

The Ideal Man and the Ideal Woman

232

(1)

Mencius, Disciple of Confucius

233

(1)

Lao-zi and the Beginnings of Daoism

234

(2)

Naturalness

236

(1)

Zhuang-zi and the Daoist Life

236

(1)

Notes

237

(1)

Three Visions of Harmony: Confucian, Daoist, Buddhist

238

(8)

The Han Dynasty (202 B. C. E.--220 C. E.)

238

(1)

Popular Religion during the Han

239

(2)

Popular Daoism

240

(1)

Religion in the Period of Disunity (220--589)

241

(1)

The Retired Intellectuals

242

(1)

The Buddhist Contribution to Chinese Life and Culture

242

(1)

Cultural Flowering in the Tang Dynasty (618--907)

243

(3)

Neo-Confucianism: From The Classical Era To Modern Times

246

(13)

The Revival of Confucianism

246

(2)

The School of Mind

248

(1)

Traditional China under Confucianism

248

(3)

Religion and the State

249

(1)

The Imperial or official Level

249

(2)

The Popular Level

251

(1)

The Family Level

251

(1)

Specificially Religious Institutions

251

(1)

China in a Period of Revolutionary Change

251

(1)

Contract with the West

251

(1)

Cultural and Religious Crisis in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

252

(2)

The Tai Ping Rebellion

253

(1)

China in the Twentieth Century

254

(4)

Religion under the Communist Regime

254

(1)

Religious Aspects of Maoism

255

(1)

Maoism and the Transformation of Culture

256

(2)

The Present Situation

258

(1)

Notes

258

(1)

Japan's Religions: From Prehistory to Modern Times

259

(24)

The Japanese Religious Character

259

(1)

Overview of Japanese Religious History

260

(1)

The Shinto Substratum of Japanese Religiosity

260

(1)

Shinto as a ``Little Tradition''

261

(1)

The Nature of the Kami

262

(1)

Shinto Mythology

262

(2)

Belief in Many Gods and One Principle

263

(1)

A Creation Myth: The Priomordial Parents

264

(1)

Shinto Ritual

264

(3)

Matsuri

264

(2)

Shamanic Rituals

266

(1)

Religion and Society in Early Japan

267

(1)

Religion in the Classical Period

267

(1)

The Cofluence of Shinto, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism

268

(1)

Shinto-Buddhist Syncretism

269

(2)

The Jingu-ji System

269

(2)

The Medieval Period

271

(1)

The Rise of New Buddhist Sects

271

(2)

The Reunification of Japan

273

(2)

Effects of the Closing of Japan

274

(1)

The National Scholar Movement

274

(1)

The Modern Period

275

(2)

State Shinto

276

(1)

Japan's New Religions

277

(1)

Japanese Religion since World War II

278

(1)

Shrine Shinto

278

(1)

Notes

279

(4)

PART FIVE Judaism

God, Torah, And Israel: The Beginnings

283

(25)

Hebrew Beginnings (c. 2000--1000 B. C. E.)

284

(1)

Judaism as a Middle Eastern Religion

284

(1)

The Hebrew Bible: Source of the Tradition

285

(3)

Books of the Bible

286

(1)

Distinctive Themes

286

(2)

The Patriarchal Age

288

(1)

Abraham and the Nomadic Life

288

(1)

The Covenant

289

(1)

The Age of Moses

289

(2)

The God of the Mosaic Covenant

291

(2)

Israel in Canaan: The Judges (1200--1020 B. C. E.)

293

(1)

Canaanite Influences

293

(1)

The Struggle against Assimilation

294

(1)

Monarchy, Exile, And The Restoration of Judah (c. 1000--200 B. C. E.)

294

(2)

The Rise of the Prophets

296

(1)

Nathan

296

(1)

Elijah

296

(1)

The Writing Prophets

296

(6)

Amos (783--743 B. C. E.)

297

(1)

Isaiah (c. 742--701 B. C. E.)

298

(1)

Jeremiah (628--c. 586 B. C. E.)

299

(2)

The Second Isaiah (550--539 B. C. E.)

301

(1)

The Historical Role of the Prophets

301

(1)

The Axial Age

302

(1)

Religious Faith after Exile

302

(3)

Ezra and Nehemiah

303

(1)

Worship in the Temple

304

(1)

Tensions within the Covenant Community

305

(1)

The Foundation of Judaism

306

(1)

Notes

307

(1)

From The Hellenistic Age to The Dawn of Modernity: Diaspora

308

(21)

The Hellenistic Age

308

(1)

Wisdom Literature

308

(1)

The Maccabean Revolt

309

(1)

Philo and the Jews of Alexandria

309

(1)

Developments In Judea

310

(1)

Factions: Pharisees and Sadducees

310

(1)

Rebellion against the Romans

311

(1)

The Growth of the Rabbinic Tradition

312

(2)

The Beginnings of Rabbinic Leadership

312

(1)

The Centrality of the Synagogue

312

(2)

The New Babylonian Diaspora

314

(1)

Creation of the Talmud

315

(1)

The Rabbinic Mind

315

(2)

Halacha and Agada

316

(1)

Rabbinic Judaism: The Religion of Torah

317

(1)

Response to the Christian Challenge

318

(1)

The Synagogue Liturgy

318

(1)

Judaism's Encounter with Islam

318

(1)

Karaism

319

(1)

Saadia's Response

320

(1)

Judaism in Muslim Spain

320

(3)

Judah Halevi

321

(1)

Moses Maimonides

321

(2)

Kabbalah: Jewish Mysticism

323

(1)

The Zohar

323

(1)

European Communities of The Diaspora

323

(1)

Renaissance Italy

323

(1)

Northwestern and Central Europe

324

(1)

Eastern Europe

325

(2)

The Shtetl

326

(1)

Hasidism

326

(1)

The Varieties of Medieval Judaism

327

(1)

Notes

328

(1)

Modern Times: Persecution, Divisions, New Worlds

329

(16)

Ghettos and the Dawn of Modernity

329

(2)

Moses Mendelssohn

330

(1)

The French Revolution and the Jews

330

(1)

Responses to Modernity

331

(3)

Reform Judaism and Abraham Geiger

331

(1)

Orthodoxy and Samson Raphael Hirsch

332

(1)

Positive-Historical Judaism and Zecharias Frankel

332

(1)

Haskalah in Eastern Europe

333

(1)

The Rise of Zionism

333

(1)

Cultural Zionism

334

(1)

Judaism in America

334

(1)

Reform Judaism

334

(1)

The Conservative Movement

334

(1)

Orthodoxy in the United States

335

(1)

The Diminution of Differences

335

(1)

The Holocaust

335

(1)

The Rebirth of Israel

336

(1)

Modes of Jewish Witness

337

(1)

The Jewish Calendar Year

338

(1)

The Voice of Jewish Women

338

(3)

Notes

341

(4)

PART SIX Christianity

The Formation of The Church

345

(24)

Christian Origins

345

(1)

Background: Roman Context, Jewish Worldview

345

(1)

Christianity's Roots in Judaism

346

(1)

Jesus of Nazareth

346

(5)

Stories about Jesus

346

(2)

Key Teachings of Jesus

348

(2)

Death and Resurrection

350

(1)

The Spread of the Faith

351

(3)

Paul of Tarsus

351

(3)

The First Christian Communities

354

(1)

The Early Church

354

(1)

Christian Identity

354

(2)

Delay of the Parousia

354

(1)

Challenges to the Faith

354

(1)

The Catholic Response

355

(1)

Persecution and Martyrdom

356

(5)

The Church and the World

356

(2)

Three Accounts of the Eucharist

358

(1)

The Christian Response

359

(1)

Constantine and the Edict of Milan

360

(1)

The Imperial Church

361

(1)

Assimilation to the World

361

(1)

Church and State

361

(1)

Worship

362

(1)

The Ascetic Movement

362

(2)

Early Christian Asceticism

362

(1)

Monastic Foundations

363

(1)

The Rule of Saint Benedict

364

(1)

Issues around the Person of Jesus Christ

364

(3)

Arianism

364

(1)

Christology

365

(2)

Augustine

367

(1)

The Nature of Sin and Grace: The Pelagian Controversy

367

(1)

The Nature of the Church: The Donatist Controversy

368

(1)

Notes

368

(1)

The Vision of Christendom

369

(20)

Early Middle Ages

369

(1)

The Fall of Rome and the Rise of the Church

369

(2)

Missions and Missionaries

370

(1)

The Rise of Islam

371

(1)

The Vision of Christendom

371

(6)

The Feudal World

372

(1)

Medieval Theology

373

(1)

Interpretations of the Eucharist

374

(1)

Lay Religion

374

(1)

Medieval Monasticism

375

(2)

Emperor and Pope

377

(1)

Gregorian Reform

377

(1)

The Crusades

378

(1)

Late Middle Ages

378

(1)

The New Urban World

378

(8)

New Religious Orders

379

(1)

Jewish-Christian Relations

380

(2)

Cathedrals

382

(1)

Universities and Scholasticism

382

(2)

Mysticism

384

(1)

Mysticism

385

(1)

Challenges to Christendom

386

(2)

Decline of the Papacy

386

(1)

Renaissance

387

(1)

The Call for Reform

388

(1)

Notes

388

(1)

The Splintering of The Vision

389

(18)

Reformation Movements

389

(1)

State of the Church

389

(1)

Martin Luther and Reformation in Germany

390

(2)

Justification by Grace through Faith

390

(1)

Authority of Scripture

391

(1)

Priesthood of All Believers

391

(1)

The Course of the Reformation

391

(1)

Reformation in Switzerland

392

(2)

Zwingli and the Lord's Supper

392

(1)

Calvin and the Sovereignty of God

393

(1)

Worship

394

(1)

Protestantism and the Laity

394

(1)

Royal Reformation in England

394

(2)

Political Reform

394

(1)

Theological Reform

395

(1)

The Radical Reformation

396

(1)

Catholic Reformation

397

(3)

Council of Trent

397

(1)

Monastic Reform

398

(1)

Missions and Missionaries

398

(1)

Theresa of Avila, Interior Castle

399

(1)

The Age of Absolutism

400

(1)

Development of the Orthodoxies

401

(1)

Eucharistic Theology

401

(1)

Predestination

401

(1)

Puritans in England

401

(2)

John Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress

402

(1)

British North America

403

(1)

Evangelical Revival

404

(2)

Pietism and the Great Awakening

404

(1)

Evangelical Revival in England

405

(1)

Notes

406

(1)

Christianity in The Modern World

407

(20)

Revolution and Religious Revivial

407

(4)

Enlightenment and Secularization

408

(1)

The Second Great Awakening

409

(1)

The Temperance Movement

409

(2)

Liberalism and Conservatism

411

(2)

Social Gospel

411

(1)

The Conservative Response

412

(1)

Reaction and Renewal

413

(5)

Liturgical Renewal

413

(1)

Theological Renewal

414

(1)

Liberation Theology

415

(1)

Christianity in a Time of Crisis

416

(1)

The Women's Movement

416

(2)

The Modern Roman Catholic Church

418

(1)

The Church in Russia

419

(1)

Response to the Global Village

420

(3)

Expansion of Christianity

420

(2)

Pluralism

422

(1)

Ecumenism

422

(1)

Conclusion

423

(1)

Notes

423

(4)

PART SEVEN Islam

The Beginning: The World of Muhammad

427

(20)

Arabia on The Eve of Islam

427

(2)

Pre-Islamic Religion

429

(1)

A Community in Transition

429

(2)

Religion and the Growth of Cities

430

(1)

Muhammad's Life and Message

431

(1)

Early Revelations

432

(1)

Muhammad and Monotheism

433

(3)

The Meaning and Purpose of Human Existence

433

(1)

Social Reform

434

(1)

Eschatological Visions

435

(1)

The Muslim Community

436

(1)

Early Development

436

(1)

Early Meccan Opposition to Muhammad

436

(1)

The Medinan Years

437

(2)

The Struggle against Mecca

438

(1)

Muhammad's Triumph

439

(1)

Islam at the Death of the Prophet

439

(1)

The Qur'an and The Five Pillars of Islam

439

(1)

The Qur'an

440

(1)

The Problem of Interpretation

440

(1)

The Human Example

441

(1)

The Five Pillars

441

(5)

The Profession of Faith

441

(1)

Ritual Prayer

442

(1)

The Ramadan Fast

443

(1)

Almsgiving

444

(1)

Pilgrimage to Mecca

444

(2)

Notes

446

(1)

Islam's Classical Period: Religious Law, Theology, And Mysticism

447

(19)

The Early Expansion: Arabia to Spain

447

(1)

The First Four Caliphs (632--661)

447

(2)

Early Policy toward Non-Muslims

449

(1)

The Umayyad Dynasty (661--750)

450

(1)

The Abbasid Caliphate (750--1258)

451

(1)

Religious Law (Fiqh)

452

(1)

Sources of Fiqh

452

(3)

The Qur'an

452

(1)

Muhammad's Sunna and the Ahadith

453

(1)

Qiyas, or Analogical Reasoning

454

(1)

Ijma, or Consensus

454

(1)

The Four Ways of Conduct or Schools of Law

455

(1)

A System of Theology (Kalam)

455

(1)

The Mutazilites

455

(1)

The Problem of the Divine Attributes

455

(1)

God's Justice

456

(1)

The Rise of Sunni Theology

456

(1)

The Philosophers and the Orthodox Reaction

457

(2)

The Mystical Path

459

(1)

The Early Ascetics

459

(3)

Sufism as the Inner Dimension of Prophecy

459

(1)

Love of God

459

(2)

A Famous Mystic

461

(1)

The Crisis of Sufism

462

(1)

Ibn-Arabi's Speculative Mysticism

462

(1)

Sufi Brotherhoods

463

(1)

Sufism in the Modern World

464

(1)

The Spirit of Islam

464

(1)

Seeds of Disunity

465

(1)

Notes

465

(1)

Shiism, Regional Developments, And The Modern Period

466

(27)

The Shiite Alternatives

466

(1)

The Caliphal Claim of Ali and His Descendants

466

(1)

The Twelver Tradition

467

(5)

The Twelve Imams: Their Status and Functions

467

(1)

Ghadir al-Khumm

468

(2)

The Hidden Imam

470

(1)

The Martyrdom Motif

470

(1)

Law, Theology, and Sufism

471

(1)

Twelver Shiism and Politics

471

(1)

The Ismailis or Seveners

472

(1)

Some Characteristic Ismailite Doctrines

472

(1)

The Zaydites

473

(1)

Challenges to Abbasid Unity

473

(1)

The Mughul and Ottoman Empires

474

(1)

The Delhi Sultanate and the Mughuls

474

(2)

Sons of Shah Jahan

475

(1)

The Decline of Mughul Power

476

(1)

Shah Wali Allah's Religious Reform

476

(1)

Sayyid Ahmad and the Way of Muhammad

477

(1)

The Expansion and Long Decline of the Ottoman Turks

477

(2)

Ottoman Religious Policies

478

(1)

Early Confrontations with Modernity

479

(1)

The Wahhabi Movement

479

(1)

Islam and The Modern World

480

(1)

The Challenge of the West

480

(1)

Regional Developments

481

(2)

Modern Egypt

481

(1)

The Ottoman Empire and Pan-Islamism

481

(1)

Saudi Arabia

482

(1)

Palestine

482

(1)

Turkey

482

(1)

Rethinking the Bases of Islam

483

(3)

Muhammad Abduh of Egypt

483

(1)

Amir Ali

484

(1)

Muhammad Iqbal

485

(1)

The Modernist Challenge in Law

486

(1)

The End of Western Colonialism

487

(1)

Arab Nationalism, Israel, and Oil

487

(1)

Pakistan

487

(1)

Black Nationalism in Africa

487

(1)

The Black Muslims of the United States

488

(1)

Militant Revivalism

489

(2)

Notes

491

(2)

Glossary

493

(9)

Bibliography

502

(11)

Index

513

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Religions of the World

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Table of Contents

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