Global Navigation for Pilots International Flight Techniques and Procedures
, by De Remer, Ph.D, Dale; McLean , Donald W.- ISBN: 9781560273127 | 1560273127
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 12/1/1997
About the Authors | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xviii |
Foreword | p. xix |
Introduction and International Regulations | p. 1 |
Introduction to Global Navigation | p. 1 |
Earlier Days of Navigation | p. 1 |
The Science and Art of Navigation | p. 2 |
The Arrangement and Use of This Book | p. 2 |
Sources of Navigational Information | p. 3 |
A Historical Background of International Air Law | p. 4 |
The Question of Sovereignty in Airspace | p. 4 |
The Paris Convention 1919 | p. 4 |
The Havana Convention 1928 | p. 5 |
Worldwide International Law | p. 5 |
The Warsaw Convention 1929 | p. 5 |
The Chicago Conference 1944 | p. 6 |
The History of ICAO | p. 7 |
The Bermuda Agreement 1946 | p. 7 |
ICAO--The Organization Described | p. 8 |
The Assembly | p. 8 |
The Council | p. 8 |
The Secretariat | p. 8 |
ICAO Rules | p. 8 |
Signals | p. 9 |
The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air | p. 9 |
Definitions | p. 9 |
Transporting Dangerous Goods | p. 9 |
ICAO Identifying Codes | p. 10 |
Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks | p. 10 |
International Airport Identifiers | p. 10 |
Earth Reference Systems | p. 15 |
Location | p. 15 |
LOP and Fix | p. 15 |
FRD | p. 15 |
Direction | p. 16 |
Terms of Direction | p. 16 |
Great Circle and Rhumb Line Direction | p. 17 |
Distance | p. 17 |
Latitude and Longitude | p. 18 |
Size and Shape of the Earth | p. 18 |
Great and Small Circles | p. 19 |
Latitude and Longitude as a Reference System | p. 20 |
A Change in the Geodetic Referencing System | p. 21 |
Summary | p. 22 |
Study Questions | p. 23 |
Maps and Charts | p. 25 |
Charts vs. Maps | p. 25 |
Charts and Projections | p. 25 |
Choice of Projection | p. 25 |
Classification of Projections | p. 27 |
Azimuthal Projections | p. 27 |
Cylindrical Projections | p. 30 |
Conic Projections | p. 34 |
Aeronautical Charts | p. 37 |
Scale | p. 37 |
DOD Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publications | p. 41 |
Jeppesen Sanderson | p. 43 |
Governments | p. 44 |
Study Questions | p. 44 |
Basic Navigation Instruments | p. 45 |
Introduction | p. 45 |
Direction | p. 45 |
Basic Instruments | p. 45 |
Earth's Magnetic Field | p. 45 |
Compasses | p. 46 |
Magnetic Compass | p. 46 |
Direct Indicating Magnetic Compass | p. 47 |
Compass Compensation | p. 48 |
Vertical Card Compasses | p. 50 |
Magnetic Compass Errors | p. 50 |
The Remote Indicating Magnetic Compass | p. 52 |
Gyroscopes as Directional Indicators | p. 52 |
Gyrocompass Errors | p. 55 |
Using the Gyrocompass in the North | p. 57 |
Track | p. 58 |
Driftmeter | p. 58 |
Study Questions | p. 60 |
Basic Navigation Techniques | p. 61 |
Introduction | p. 61 |
Dead Reckoning Navigation | p. 61 |
The Running Fix | p. 64 |
The Single LOP Approach | p. 65 |
Precision Dead Reckoning | p. 66 |
Doppler | p. 67 |
Explanation of Terms | p. 68 |
Plotting | p. 68 |
Plotting Procedure, Mercator Chart | p. 69 |
Plotting Procedures, Lambert Conformal and Gnomonic Charts | p. 69 |
International Trip Planning and Preparation | p. 75 |
The Checklist | p. 75 |
Planning Resources | p. 75 |
DOD Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publications | p. 78 |
Aeronautical Chart Currency and Updating Information | p. 78 |
Jeppesen Sanderson | p. 79 |
Planning Services | p. 86 |
International Planning Service Providers | p. 86 |
Computer Access Services | p. 86 |
Additional Resources | p. 86 |
Preliminary Planning | p. 86 |
International Flight Planning--the Concept | p. 86 |
What to Expect Upon Arrival | p. 91 |
The International Flight Plan | p. 91 |
General Instructions | p. 93 |
Itemized Instructions for Flight Plan Completion | p. 93 |
Completing the Flight Planning Process | p. 98 |
International Flight Planning Services (IFPS) | p. 98 |
Readings about International Culture and Customs | p. 99 |
Trans-Oceanic and Trans-Wilderness Planning | p. 123 |
Flight Planning for the North Atlantic | p. 123 |
NAIGON Excerpts | p. 123 |
Equipment Requirements | p. 124 |
Operational Considerations in Sparsely Settled Areas | p. 130 |
North Atlantic Route Planning | p. 130 |
ETOPS | p. 136 |
North Atlantic MNPS Airspace | p. 136 |
Application of Mach Number Technique | p. 145 |
Application of Datum Line Technique | p. 146 |
Aircraft Minimum Navigational Capability | p. 146 |
Flight Planning for the North Pacific | p. 147 |
North Pacific Oceanic Route Structure | p. 147 |
Tokyo-Honolulu Flexible Track System | p. 149 |
Mach Number Procedures | p. 150 |
Oceanic Position Reporting Procedures | p. 150 |
Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue System | p. 151 |
Finishing the Planning Job | p. 152 |
ETP and the Wet Footprint | p. 152 |
International Flight Operations | p. 155 |
Operational Considerations for International Flight | p. 155 |
Cabotage | p. 155 |
Other Entry Requirements | p. 155 |
The Nine "Fs" of International Flight | p. 155 |
North Atlantic Operational Considerations | p. 158 |
Clearances | p. 158 |
Obtaining a Clearance | p. 158 |
ATC System Loop Errors | p. 160 |
Position Reporting Procedures | p. 161 |
Time and Place of Position Reports | p. 161 |
Position Report Prefix | p. 161 |
Contents of Position Reports | p. 161 |
Next Position and Time Over | p. 162 |
Next Subsequent Position | p. 162 |
Transmission of Position Reports | p. 162 |
Meteorological Reports | p. 162 |
In-Flight Contingencies | p. 162 |
International Air Traffic Control Phraseology | p. 163 |
MNPSA Operational Considerations | p. 164 |
ATC Flight Plans | p. 164 |
Special Procedures for In-Flight Contingencies | p. 165 |
Procedures for Loss of Navigational Capability | p. 165 |
Managing Errors | p. 167 |
Conducting the Flight in the MNPSA | p. 167 |
Leaving the Ramp | p. 167 |
While on Airways | p. 167 |
ATC Oceanic Clearance | p. 167 |
Approaching the Ocean | p. 168 |
Oceanic Boundary Position Report | p. 168 |
Reaching an Oceanic Waypoint | p. 168 |
Routine Monitoring | p. 168 |
Approaching Landfall | p. 169 |
Monitoring During Distractions from Routine | p. 169 |
Avoiding Confusion Between Magnetic and True | p. 169 |
Navigation in the Area of Compass Unreliability | p. 169 |
North Atlantic Procedures--An Example Flight | p. 170 |
Route Planning | p. 170 |
Track Planning | p. 170 |
PRMS--Preferred Route Message | p. 172 |
Preflight | p. 172 |
ETOPS Planning | p. 172 |
Takeoff and Enroute Alternates | p. 172 |
Loading the Nav Systems | p. 173 |
From Launch to Coast-Out Point | p. 173 |
In MNPS Airspace | p. 174 |
In-Flight Emergencies | p. 174 |
Nearing the Coast-In Point | p. 175 |
Arrival | p. 175 |
Flying in Europe | p. 177 |
European Air Traffic Flow Management | p. 177 |
Organization and Procedures | p. 177 |
Flight Plan Filing Requirements | p. 177 |
The Slot Allocation Process | p. 178 |
The Flexible Use of Airspace Concept Within Europe--Conditional Routes | p. 179 |
New Trends and Developments | p. 180 |
A Few Words About Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) | p. 180 |
Hints for Flying in Europe | p. 181 |
Flying Within the European Control System | p. 182 |
Example Flight | p. 182 |
International Weather | p. 185 |
Aviation Weather Information | p. 185 |
Meteorological Code | p. 185 |
International Surface Reports (METAR) | p. 186 |
General | p. 186 |
Reporting Type, Time and Reporting Station | p. 186 |
Wind | p. 186 |
Visibility | p. 186 |
Runway Visual Range | p. 186 |
Present Weather | p. 187 |
Clouds | p. 187 |
Temperature and Dew Point | p. 187 |
Altimeter Setting | p. 187 |
Trend Forecast | p. 188 |
Remarks | p. 188 |
Airborne Reports | p. 188 |
Forecasts (TAFs) | p. 189 |
Terminal Forecasts | p. 189 |
Volmets | p. 190 |
ICAO Annex 3--Meteorological Services for International Air Navigation | p. 190 |
Definitions | p. 190 |
World Area Forecast System and Meteorological Offices | p. 190 |
Inertial Navigation | p. 197 |
An Introduction to Inertial Navigation | p. 197 |
Principles of Strapdown Inertial Navigation | p. 203 |
Introduction | p. 203 |
Modes of Operation | p. 206 |
Theory of Operation | p. 211 |
Accelerometer Principle of Operation | p. 211 |
Triple-Axis Navigation Computation | p. 211 |
Laser Principle of Operation | p. 213 |
The Pilot's Perspective About INS Errors | p. 215 |
Loran-C | p. 217 |
The Loran-C System | p. 217 |
Introduction | p. 217 |
Modern Loran-C Aviation Receivers | p. 217 |
Theory of Operation | p. 217 |
The Loran-C Chain | p. 219 |
Chain Geometry | p. 219 |
Chain Coverage Area | p. 221 |
The Pulse | p. 221 |
Received Signal Characteristics | p. 222 |
LORAN-C Operations | p. 224 |
Notes for Pilots | p. 224 |
Historical Notes and the Future of Loran-C | p. 225 |
Global Positioning System | p. 227 |
GPS System Overview | p. 227 |
General System Description | p. 227 |
Program Management | p. 227 |
System Technical Description | p. 228 |
System Performance | p. 230 |
Navigation Using GPS | p. 232 |
Types of GPS Receivers and Their Applications | p. 237 |
GPS Receiver Architectures | p. 237 |
Time-To-First-Fix | p. 240 |
GPS Specification and Design Issues | p. 242 |
System Availability | p. 242 |
Positioning Availability | p. 242 |
Satellite Selection Criteria | p. 251 |
Figure of Merit | p. 252 |
Aiding Capabilities for a GPS Receiver | p. 253 |
Types of Aiding | p. 253 |
Aiding During Acquisition of Initial Track | p. 253 |
Aiding to Replace a Satellite Measurement | p. 254 |
Aiding to Maintain Satellite Track | p. 255 |
Differential GPS | p. 255 |
Introduction | p. 255 |
Differential GPS Concept | p. 255 |
DGPS Implementation Types | p. 255 |
GPS Error Sources | p. 257 |
GPS as an Attitude Reference System | p. 258 |
Concept of Operation | p. 258 |
Single and Double Differencing | p. 258 |
Interferometry | p. 259 |
WAAS and LAAS | p. 262 |
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) | p. 262 |
Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) | p. 262 |
Flight Management Systems | p. 265 |
System Description | p. 265 |
Introduction | p. 265 |
Navigation Management Functions | p. 266 |
Navigation Modes | p. 267 |
Database | p. 267 |
Guidance | p. 268 |
Map Displays | p. 269 |
Miscellaneous Functions | p. 269 |
Controls | p. 269 |
Control Display Unit | p. 269 |
CRT | p. 270 |
Color Assignments | p. 270 |
Alphanumeric Keys | p. 270 |
Scratchpad | p. 270 |
Line-Select Keys | p. 270 |
Function Keys | p. 271 |
Annunciators | p. 272 |
Brightness Control | p. 273 |
Viewing Angle | p. 273 |
Navigation | p. 274 |
Time | p. 277 |
A Concept of Vital Importance to Pilots | p. 277 |
The Evolution of the Calendar | p. 278 |
The Calendar of Romulus | p. 278 |
The Numa Calendar | p. 278 |
The Julian Calendar | p. 278 |
The Gregorian Calendar | p. 279 |
The First Almanacs | p. 280 |
The Greek Olympiads | p. 280 |
The Hebrew Calendar | p. 280 |
The French Revolutionary Decimal Calendar | p. 281 |
The Soviet Russia Experiments in Calendar Changing | p. 281 |
The Julian Day of the Astronomers | p. 281 |
Calendar Improvement | p. 282 |
Kinds of Time | p. 282 |
Universal Time | p. 282 |
Stellar or Sidereal Time | p. 282 |
The Earth's Rotation and Universal Time | p. 283 |
Ephemeris Time | p. 283 |
Length of the Year | p. 284 |
The Timekeepers | p. 284 |
NBS and USNO | p. 284 |
The Bureau International de I'Heure | p. 285 |
History of Time Broadcasts | p. 285 |
Standard Time Zones and Daylight-Saving Time | p. 286 |
How Pilots Know What Time It Is | p. 287 |
Time From the Sky | p. 289 |
Measuring Time | p. 289 |
Apparent Solar Time | p. 290 |
Mean Solar Time | p. 290 |
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) | p. 290 |
Local Mean Time (LMT) | p. 290 |
Relationship of Time and Longitude | p. 290 |
Navigation System Errors and Limitations | p. 293 |
Risk Management | p. 293 |
Navigation System Limitations | p. 293 |
The Accuracy Check | p. 294 |
The Gross Error Check | p. 295 |
Procedures Used to Minimize Errors | p. 295 |
Additional Procedures for Error Detection | p. 297 |
The Use of a Master Document | p. 297 |
Clearances | p. 297 |
Position Plotting | p. 298 |
Relief Crew Members | p. 298 |
Preflight Procedures Aimed at Minimizing Error | p. 298 |
Guarding Against Complacency--A Caution | p. 300 |
Rare Causes of Errors | p. 300 |
More Common Causes of Errors | p. 300 |
Hints to Help Avoid Complacency | p. 300 |
Celestial Concepts | p. 303 |
Celestial Navigation | p. 303 |
Celestial Concepts | p. 304 |
Motions of Celestial Bodies | p. 306 |
Apparent Motion | p. 306 |
Seasons | p. 307 |
Celestial Coordinates | p. 307 |
The Celestial LOP | p. 311 |
Observed Altitude | p. 311 |
True Azimuth | p. 312 |
The Celestial Fix | p. 313 |
Duration of Daylight | p. 313 |
Altitude Effect | p. 314 |
Study Questions | p. 316 |
The Future of Air Navigation | p. 317 |
FANS | p. 317 |
The Present Air Navigation System | p. 317 |
Communications | p. 317 |
Navigation | p. 317 |
Surveillance | p. 317 |
Air Traffic Services (ATS) | p. 319 |
Need for Change | p. 320 |
The Future Air Navigation System | p. 321 |
Communications | p. 321 |
Navigation | p. 322 |
Surveillance | p. 324 |
Epilogue | p. 325 |
Glossary of Terms | p. 327 |
Navigation Terminology | p. 327 |
International Operations Terminology | p. 337 |
Readings in International Etiquette and Customs ICAO Flight Plan Form (blank) | p. 343 |
Index | p. 345 |
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