Ecosystem Services from Agriculture and Agroforestry

Agricultural systems are no longer evaluated solely on the basis of the food they provide, but also on their capacity to limit impacts on the environment, such as soil conservation, water quality and biodiversity conservation, as well as their contribution to mitigating and adapting to climate change. In order to cope with these multiple service functions, they must internalize the costs and benefits of their environmental impact. Payments for ecosystem services are hoped to encourage and promote sustainable practices via financial incentives. The authors show that while the principle is straightforward, the practice is much more complicated. Whereas scenic beauty and protection of water sources provide benefits to the local population, carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation can be considered international public goods, rendering potential payment schemes more complex. Few examples exist where viable mechanisms have been set up that compensate agricultural systems for the environmental services they provide. However this book provides several examples of successful programs, and aims to transfer them to other regions of the world. The authors show that a product can be sold if it is clearly quantified, there exists a means to determine the service's values, and there is a willing buyer. The first two sections of the book present methodological issues related to the quantification and marketing of ecosystem services from agriculture, including agroforestry. The third and final section presents case studies of practical payments for ecosystem services and experiences in Central and South America, and draws some lessons learned for effective and sustainable development of ecosystem services compensation mechanisms.

Bruno Rapidel is an agronomist working with CIRAD (France) and posted at CATIE (Central America). Fabrice DeClerck is a community and landscape ecologist at CATIE. Jean-Francois Le Coq is an agro-economist working with CIRAD and posted at UNA, Heredia, Costa Rica. John Beer is the Research and Development Director of CATIE.