Ecuador : An Economic and Social Agenda in the New Millennium

, by Giugale, Marcelo; Lopez-Calix, Jose Roberto; Fretes-Cibils, Vicente

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ISBN: 9780821355459 | 0821355457
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 5/1/2003

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This publication explores current development challenges facing Ecuador and examines policy options available, under three key themes of fiscal consolidation and economic growth, promoting sustainable and equitable social development and governance and anti-corruption issues.

Preface

xix

Editor Biographies

xxi

Acknowledgments

xxiii

Acronyms and Abbreviations

xxv

Synthesis

xxxiii

Purpose and Organization

xxxiii

Central Message

xxxiv

The Development Agenda---Diagnostic Study and Policies

xxxviii

Preserving Stability with Fiscal Discipline and Accelerating Growth with Competitiveness

xxxix

Tax Reform

xlii

Spending Cuts, Reorientation, and Transparency

xliv

Sustainability of Public Debt

xlv

Strengthening the Financial System

xlvi

The Oil Sector

xlviii

Commercial Reform

xlix

Development of Basic Infrastructure

Boosting Sustained and Equitable Social Development

liii

Building a Quality Government That Serves All Ecuadorans and Fights against Corruption

The Vision of a New Ecuador

lxv

Table 1. Ecuador: A Possible Order of Priorities in the Design and Implementation of Policies for Boosting Economic and Social Development

lxvi

Part I Preserving Stability with Fiscal Discipline and Accelerating Growth with Competitiveness

(532)

Maintaining Stability with Fiscal Discipline and Competitiveness

(40)

Background

(3)

Recent Macroeconomic Performance

(5)

The Challenges of Maintaining Stability

(15)

Policy Recommendations

(7)

Conclusion

(9)

Policy Matrix

(3)

Annex: Ecuador: Selected Economic Indicators

(3)

Tax Policy and Administration

(22)

Background

(2)

The Three Primary Problems of the Tax Policy

(8)

The Problem of the Proliferation of Taxes

(1)

The Recurring Problem of Exemptions

(4)

The Problem of Preallocations

(2)

Two Priority Problems for the Tax Administration

(2)

The Independence of the SRI

(1)

The Efforts of the CAE

(1)

Recommendations

(9)

Tax Administration Recommendations

(3)

Recommendation Matrix

(2)

Annex

(3)

Debt Administration and Sustainability

(20)

Background

(1)

Present Debt Structure

(4)

Ecuador's Debt Reduction Plan

(5)

Debt Sustainability Analysis

(2)

Policy Recommendations

(9)

First Stage: Recouping Credibility

(1)

Second Stage: Modernizing Debt Management

(2)

Recommendations for the Short Term

(1)

Recommendations for the Medium Term

(1)

Policy Matrix

(1)

Annex: Public Debt Dynamics

(3)

The Banking System

(30)

The Postcrisis Financial System: Structure and Depth

(4)

The Structure of the Banking System

(1)

Trends in Bank Balances, Solvency, and Yield

(9)

Balance Trends

(9)

Strengthening Individual and System Risk Management

(3)

Institutional Structure and Management of Cash Risk

(3)

Strengthening Supervision and Regulation

102

(1)

Issues in the Settlement of Payments and Securities 17

102

(3)

The Financial Safety Net

105

(2)

Policy Recommendations

107

(8)

Policy Matrix

110

(5)

Petroleum Policy

115

(48)

The Evolution of the Petroleum Sector and Legal Framework

115

(4)

The Main Problems of the Petroleum Industry in Ecuador

119

(12)

The Problem of VAT Reimbursement and Contractual Stability

120

(1)

Increasing Petroleum Production

121

(3)

Reserves

124

(1)

General Subsidy for Liquid Petroleum

125

(1)

Price and Tax Policy, and Lack of Competition in the Derivatives Market

125

(1)

Investments in Refining

126

(1)

Administrative System for Petroleum Revenues

127

(2)

Legal and Institutional Framework

129

(1)

Environmental and Social Impact

130

(1)

Recommendations and Implementation

131

(10)

A Solution to the VAT Problem

131

(1)

Increasing the Production of PetroEcuador's Oil Fields

132

(1)

Increasing Reserves

132

(1)

Elimination of Indiscriminate Subsidies for Gas

133

(1)

New Price and Tax Policy

134

(1)

Investment in Refining

135

(1)

Improvements in the Administration of Petroleum Revenues

135

(1)

New Legal and Institutional Framework

136

(1)

Management of Environmental and Social Impact

137

(1)

Policy Matrix

138

(3)

Economic Results

141

(22)

Annex 1: Historic Evolution and Description of the Sector

144

(11)

Annex 2: Updated Study on Taxes and Subsidies for Derivatives

155

(3)

Annex 3: Economic Performance

158

(5)

Trade Policy and Competition

163

(32)

Precedents

164

(4)

Liberalization of the Ecuadoran Economy in the 1990s

164

(4)

The Foundations of Ecuadoran Development

168

(9)

Recommendations

169

(6)

Other Recommendations

175

(2)

Price Bands

177

(6)

Recommendations

181

(2)

Technical Regulations

183

(12)

A Lack of ``Domestic Treatment''

183

(1)

INEN and WTO Regulations

183

(2)

Recommendations

185

(2)

Policy Matrix

187

(2)

Annex 1

189

(2)

Annex 2

191

(4)

Basic Infrastructure: Water and Sanitation, Electricity, Telecommunications, and Transport

195

(56)

Introduction

196

(8)

Description of the Sectors

197

(7)

Diagnosis of the Main Problems and Challenges

204

(26)

Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

204

(9)

Management of Water Resources

213

(1)

Energy Sector

214

(5)

Telecommunications Sector

219

(6)

Transport Sector

225

(4)

Highway Safety

229

(1)

Sectoral Policy Recommendations

230

(21)

Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

231

(4)

Energy Sector

235

(2)

Telecommunications Sector

237

(2)

Transport Sector

239

(1)

Community Infrastructure

240

(4)

Sectoral Action Plan

244

(7)

Urban Development

251

(14)

Diagnostic Study

252

(8)

Urbanization

252

(2)

Land and Housing in Urban Areas

254

(2)

Urban Services

256

(3)

Economic Vulnerability and Vulnerability to Natural Disasters

259

(1)

Recommendations

260

(5)

Policy Matrix

262

(3)

Part II Boosting Sustainable and Equitable Social Development

Education

265

(28)

Introduction

266

(1)

The Educational System: Principal Problems

266

(15)

Limited and Unequal Access to Education

271

(4)

Low Quality of the Education Imparted

275

(2)

Serious Difficulties for Financing Education

277

(2)

Problems in Sector Administration

279

(2)

Recommendations

281

(12)

Policy Matrix

283

(3)

Annex

286

(7)

Health

293

(26)

Introduction

294

(3)

Ecuadoran Health: Characteristics and Diagnosis

297

(4)

Problems with Record Keeping and Premature Mortality from Preventable Causes

297

(2)

High Infant Mortality Rates

299

(1)

High Prevalence of Risk Factors for Infant Mortality

300

(1)

High Maternal Mortality Rates

301

(1)

Problems in the Health Services System

301

(11)

Background

302

(1)

Fragmentary Organization and Underutilized Resources

303

(1)

Insufficient Government Spending and Inequitable Private Spending on Health

304

(1)

Nontransparent Financing

305

(1)

Limited Health Insurance Coverage

306

(2)

Inadequate Performance of the Essential Functions of the Ministry of Public Health, Shortfalls of the IESS, and Difficulties in Achieving the Millennium Development Goals

308

(1)

Limitations of the IESS Health Area

309

(1)

Difficulties in Achieving Millennium Development Goals

310

(2)

Recommendations

312

(7)

Extension of Access to Basic Services

313

(1)

Decentralization for a Better Supply of Health Services

314

(1)

Sectorial Coordination and the Future for the Ministry of Public Health and the IESS

315

(2)

Policy Matrix

317

(2)

The Social Assistance System

319

(28)

Introduction

320

(1)

Principal Features of the Social Assistance System

321

(1)

Supply and Demand for Social Assistance

322

(9)

Vulnerable Groups

322

(7)

Social Risk Management Strategies

329

(2)

Problems of the Social Assistance System

331

(5)

Recommendations

336

(5)

Increase the Flexibility of the Social Assistance System

337

(1)

Improve Coordination and Targeting in Existing Programs

337

(2)

Reorient the Bono Solidario Cash Subsidy Program toward Becoming a Program of Conditioned Subsidies

339

(2)

Conclusions

341

(6)

Policy Matrix

342

(3)

Annex: Incidence of Social Assistance Programs (Selected)

345

(2)

The Pension System

347

(22)

System Diagnostic

348

(10)

The Institutional Organization of Ecuador's Pension System

348

(1)

Structure of the Pension System Prior to the Reform

349

(2)

Financial Situation

351

(2)

The Level of the Benefits

353

(1)

Coverage

354

(3)

The Reform

357

(1)

Proposed Solutions

358

(11)

Problems of Coverage, in Terms of Broadness and Depth

359

(3)

The Financial Management of the IESS

362

(1)

Partial Implementation of the Reform of the Social Security System

363

(2)

Policy Matrix

365

(4)

Rural Development

369

(24)

Introduction

370

(4)

Three Strategic Goals for Rural Development

374

(2)

Key Issues in Rural Development in Ecuador

376

(7)

The Institutional Framework of Rural Development

383

(1)

Conclusions and Recommendations

384

(9)

Recommendations

385

(3)

Policy Matrix

388

(5)

The Environment and Sustainable Development

393

(18)

Introduction

394

(1)

Poverty and the Environment

394

(5)

Environmental Pollution

396

(1)

Natural Disasters

397

(2)

Sustainable Development

399

(5)

Comprehensive Resource Planning and Management

400

(1)

Natural Resource Management and Economic Growth

401

(3)

Recommendations

404

(7)

Environmental Regulation

404

(3)

Environmental Investment

407

(4)

Part III Building a Quality Government That Serves All Ecuadorans and Fights against Corruption

The Environment and Governance and Corruption

411

(34)

Governance in Ecuador from a Comparative International Perspective

412

(2)

Corruption and Its Impact

414

(13)

The Cost of Corruption

415

(12)

Local Government and Decentralization

427

(3)

Institutional Vulnerability

430

(2)

Recommendations

432

(13)

The Climate for Reforms

433

(1)

Openness, Transparency, and Accountability in Society

433

(1)

Imperatives for Public Administration

434

(1)

A Broad and Inclusive Approach

435

(2)

Policy Matrix

437

(1)

Annex: Governance in Ecuador: Citizens and Public Employees Give Their Opinions

438

(7)

The Labor Market and Civil Service in Ecuador

445

(34)

Introduction

446

(1)

The Labor Market in Ecuador

447

(5)

Employment and Unemployment

447

(2)

Labor Income and Salaries

449

(3)

Problems in the Private Market

452

(3)

Setting Salaries, Salary Unification, and Incentives for Creating Formal Jobs

452

(1)

Creating Formal Jobs

452

(2)

Outsourcing and Flexibility in the Labor Market

454

(1)

Recommendations for the Private Labor Market

455

(1)

Recommendations for Setting Salaries

455

(1)

Recommendations on Labor Market Flexibility

456

(1)

Civil Service in Ecuador

456

(7)

Number of Personnel

456

(1)

Policy Matrix for the Private Labor Market

457

(2)

Public Employee Systems in Ecuador

459

(1)

Public Sector Salary Expenses

460

(1)

Human Resources Management

460

(1)

Salary Policy

461

(2)

Principal Problems

463

(3)

Recommendations

466

(13)

Recommendations on Salary Reform

466

(1)

Recommendations on Human Resources Management and SENDOSEP

467

(1)

Policy Matrix

468

(1)

Technical Annex: Determining Real Salaries in Ecuador, 1998--2001

469

(3)

Annex 1: Civil Service and Administrative Career, Salary Schedules, 1997--2002

472

(2)

Annex 2: Budgetary Classification of Expenditures

474

(2)

Annex 3: Basic Salary Schedule for Public Employment Governments, 2002

476

(3)

Decentralization

479

(36)

The Principal Problem and the Challenges of Decentralization

480

(2)

Diagnosis

482

(12)

Structure of the State and Intergovernmental Relations

482

(3)

Administrative Decentralization: Transfer of Powers

485

(2)

Fiscal Decentralization: Transfer of Resources

487

(6)

Management of the Decentralization Process

493

(1)

Policy Recommendations

494

(21)

Structure of the State and Intergovernmental Relations

494

(1)

Administrative Decentralization: Transfer of Powers

495

(2)

Fiscal Decentralization

497

(4)

Management of the Decentralization Process

501

(2)

Policy Matrix

503

(6)

Annex: Special Laws Governing the Transfer of Resources and Revenue-Sharing for the Benefit of Municipalities and Provincial Councils

509

(6)

The Administration of Justice

515

(20)

Persistent Problems

516

(6)

Lack of Access

516

(1)

Costs

516

(2)

Legal Assistance

518

(1)

Functionality

518

(1)

Lack of Confidence in the System

518

(4)

Recommendations

522

(3)

Legal Reform

522

(3)

Conclusions

525

(10)

Policy Matrix

526

(4)

Annex 1: Reforms of the System

530

(3)

Annex 2: Institutions

533

(2)

Bibliography

535

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Ecuador : An Economic and Social Agenda in the New Millennium

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials