Muscle Development of Livestock Animals : Physiology, Genetics and Meat Quality

, by M. F. W. te Pas; M. E. Everts; H. P. Haagsman

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ISBN: 9780851998114 | 0851998119
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/30/2004

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Well-developed and functional muscle tissues are a prerequisite for healthy meat-producing animals. Good muscle development leads to improved meat quality. Hence modern breeds of livestock animal have been selectively bred for better conformation, increased muscle size and increased muscle-to-bone ratio. This book describes all aspects of muscle development research, and contains contributions from leading research groups around the world.

Contributors

Preface

1 Number and Size of Muscle Fibres in Relation to Meat Production

(38)

C. Rehfeldt, I. Fiedler and N.C. Stickland

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Principles of Skeletal Muscle Growth

(5)

1.3 Factors Influencing Muscle Fibre Number and Size

(13)

1.4 Significance of Muscle Fibre Number and Size for Animal Performance

(9)

1.5 Conclusions

(1)

References

(9)

2 Fibre Type Identification and Functional Characterization in Adult Livestock Animals

(30)

C. Reggiani and F. Mascarello

2.1 Introduction: Definition of 'Fibre Type'

(3)

2.2 Fibre Types and Myosin Isoforms

(2)

2.3 Methods for Fibre Type Identification in Various Mammalian Species

(6)

2.4 Coordinated Expression of the Myofibrillar Protein Isoforms Determines the Contractile Performance

(3)

2.5 Contraction Speed is Related to the Excitation-Contraction Coupling

(2)

2.6 Fatigue Resistance is Related to the Balance Between Energy Production and Energy Consumption

(1)

2.7 Muscle Fibre Type Composition in Adult Livestock Animals

(5)

2.8 Conclusions

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(7)

3 Manipulation of Muscle Fibre Number During Prenatal Development

(14)

N.C. Stickland, S. Bayol, C. Ashton and C. Rehfeldt

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Prenatal Muscle Development

(1)

3.3 Natural Variation in Development

(2)

3.4 Prenatal Nutrition

(2)

3.5 Growth Promoters

(1)

3.6 Temperature

(2)

3.7 Conclusion

(1)

References

(4)

4 The Effect of Growth and Exercise on Muscle Characteristics in Relation to Meat Quality

(20)

E.G. Dingboom and W.A. Weijs

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Muscle Fibre Types

(3)

4.3 Capillarity

(1)

4.4 Relationship between Meat Quality and Muscle Properties

(2)

4.5 Postnatal Development

(2)

4.6 The Influence of Exercise

(2)

4.7 Conclusions

(1)

References

(8)

5 Nutrition, Hormone Receptor Expression and Gene Interactions: Implications for Development and Disease

103

(22)

M.J. Dauncey, M. Katsumata and P. White

5.1 Introduction

104

(1)

5.2 Nutritional Regulation of Muscle Development

104

(1)

5.3 Hormones, Receptors and Muscle Development

105

(5)

5.4 Nutritional Regulation of Hormones, Receptors and Gene Expression

110

(6)

5.5 Implications for Health and Disease

116

(2)

Acknowledgement

118

(1)

References

119

(6)

6 The Impact of Minerals and Micronutrients on Growth Control

125

(12)

I. Dørup

6.1 Introduction

125

(1)

6.2 The Effect of Specific Mineral and Micronutrient Deficiencies on Growth and Protein Synthesis

126

(2)

6.3 The TGF System and its Regulation

128

(1)

6.4 Effect of Specific Mineral and Micronutrient Deficiencies on the IGF System

129

(2)

6.5 Human Studies

131

(2)

6.6 Summary and Conclusions

133

(1)

References

133

(4)

7 Na+, K+-ATPase in Skeletal Muscle: Significance of Exercise and Thyroid Hormones for Development and Performance

137

(20)

S. Slob, P.H.M. Klaren and M.E. Everts

7.1 Introduction

137

(1)

7.2 Na+, K+-ATPase in Skeletal Muscle

138

(6)

7.3 Na+, K+-ATPase in Livestock and Domestic Species

144

(5)

7.4 Na+, K+-ATPase During Development

149

(2)

7.5 Conclusion

151

(1)

References

152

(5)

8 Local and systemic Regulation of Muscle Growth

157

(16)

G. Goldspink

8.1 summary

157

(1)

8.2 Introduction

158

(6)

8.3 Systemic control of Muscle Growth

164

(1)

8.4 Cloning of Local Insulin-like Growth Factors

165

(2)

8.5 Conclusions

167

(1)

Acknowledgements

168

(1)

References

168

(5)

9 Proteolytic Systems and the Regulation of Muscle Remodelling and Breakdown

173

(28)

V.T. Los and H.P. Haagsman

9.1 Introduction

174

(3)

9.2 Models and Methods used to Study Proteolysis

177

(4)

9.3 Regulation of Protease Expression

181

(4)

9.4 Regulation of Substrate Degradation

185

(7)

9.5 Conclusion

192

(2)

References

194

(7)

10 The Muscle Regulatory Factors Gene Family in Relation to Meat Production

201

(24)

P.H.J. Houba and M.F.W. to Pas

10.1 Introduction

202

(1)

10.2 Regulation of the Development of Skeletal Muscle Fibres: Importance for Livestock Production

202

(2)

10.3 The Muscle Regulatory Factors Gene Family

204

(3)

10.4 MRF Genes and Regulation of Muscle Mass: Conclusions from the Knockout/Kick-in Mice

207

(1)

10.5 Relationships between Genomic Variation in the MRF Gene Loci and Skeletal Muscle Mass/Meat Mass Determination in Livestock Meat Production

207

(3)

10.6 Use of Genetic Variation in the Prenatal and Postnatal Expression Level of MRF Genes to Enhance Muscle Mass/Meat Production

210

(2)

10.7 Discussion: MRF Genomic Variation and Expression Affects Muscle Mass, and thus Livestock Meat Production

212

(2)

10.8 New Directions for the Research and Livestock Breeding for Meat Production

214

(1)

10.9 Towards Identification of Genes that arc Regulated by the MRF Proteins in Muscle Tissue

215

(3)

References

218

(7)

11 The Muscle Transcriptome

225

(22)

K. Wimmers, S. Ponsuksili and K. Schellander

11.1 Motives to Address the Muscle Transcriptome

225

(2)

11.2 Complexity of the Genome, Transcriptome and Protcome: Strategic Implications

227

(2)

11.3 identification of Skeletal Must le Expressed Sequence Tags

229

(3)

11.4 Methods to Illuminate the Transcriptome and to Relate Muscle Differential Expression and Phenotype

232

(7)

11.5 Prospective of Functional Genomics in Livestock Species

239

(1)

References

240

(7)

12 Genome Analysis of QTL for Muscle Tissue Development and Meat Quality

247

(20)

M.F. Rothschild, J.P. Bidanel and D.C. Ciobanu

12.1 Introduction

247

(1)

12.2 Major Genes Identified in Populations

248

(1)

12.3 Genomic Scanning and Candidate Gene Approaches

249

(1)

12.4 QTL and Candidate Gene Results

250

(10)

12.5 Future Research Approaches

260

(1)

12.6 Practical Applications in the Pig Industry

261

(1)

Acknowledgements

262

(1)

References

262

(5)

13 Functional Genomics and Proteomics in Relation to Muscle Tissue

267

(30)

C. Maltin and G. Plastow

13.1 Introduction

267

(1)

13.2 Muscle Development and Growth

268

(4)

13.3 Functional Genomics

272

(7)

13.4 Proteomics

279

(5)

13.5 The Application of Functional Genomics and Proteomics to Livestock Breeding

284

(4)

13.6 Conclusion

288

(1)

Acknowledgements

288

(1)

References

288

(9)

14 Role of Myostatin in Muscle Growth

297

(20)

R. Kambadur, A. Bishop, M.S. Salerno, S. McCroskery and M. Sharma

14.1 Introduction

297

(1)

14.2 Double-muscling in Cattle

298

(1)

14.3 Myostatin - a Negative Regulator of Muscle Mass

299

(1)

14.4 Structure and Function of Myostatin

299

(4)

14.5 Receptor Binding and Downstream Signalling by Myostatin

303

(1)

14.6 Modifiers of Myostatin Function

304

(1)

14.7 Myostatin Expression

305

(1)

14.8 Transcriptional Regulation of Myostatin Gene Expression

306

(1)

14.9 Physiological Role of Myostatin

307

(3)

14.10 Mechanism of Myostatin Function

310

(1)

14.11 Perspectives and Conclusion

311

(1)

Acknowledgements

311

(1)

References

312

(5)

15 The Callipyge Mutation for Sheep Muscular Hypertrophy-Genetics, Physiology and Meat Quality

317

(26)

B.A. Freking, T.P.L.Smith and K.A. Leymaster

15.1 Introduction

317

(1)

15.2 CLPG Map Location and Muscle Hypertrophy Phenotype Gene Action

318

(2)

15.3 Gene Action Associated with Meat

320

(4)

15.4 Fine Mapping and Positional Cloning of the CLPG Mutation

324

(2)

15.5 Preliminary Functional Evaluation of Mutated Region

326

(1)

15.6 Expression Profiles and Imprint Status of Genes Near the Mutation

327

(3)

15.7 Summary of CLPG Domain Expression

330

(1)

15.8 Impact of CLPG Mutation on Growth, Slaughter and Carcass Traits

330

(3)

15.9 Impact of CLPG Mutation on Meat Quality Traits

333

(5)

15.10 Conclusion

338

(1)

Disclaimer

339

(1)

References

339

(4)

16 Genetic Control of Intramuscular Fat Accretion

343

(20)

F. Gerbens

16.1 Introduction

343

(1)

16.2 Intramuscular Fat Physiology

344

(5)

16.3 Intramuscular Fat and Meat Quality

349

(1)

16.4 Strategies to Improve Intramuscular Fat Accretion

350

(1)

16.5 Marker-assisted Selection of Intramuscular Fat Content

351

(4)

16.6 Prospects for Breeding on Intramuscular Fat

355

(1)

References

356

(7)

17 Post-mortem Muscle Proteolysis and Meat Tenderness

363

(26)

D.L. Hopkins and R.G. Taylor

17.1 General Introduction

363

(1)

17.2 Introduction to Mechanisms of Tenderization

364

(1)

17.3 Degradation of Myofibrillar Proteins

365

(4)

17.4 Cathepsins

369

(1)

17.5 Calpains

370

(8)

17.6 Inhibition of Cathepsins and Calpains

378

(2)

17.7 Scrims Proteases and Proteasomes

380

(1)

17.8 Conclusions

381

(1)

Acknowledgements

381

(1)

References

381

(8)

18 Water-holding Capacity of Meat

389

(12)

K.O. Honikel

18.1 Introduction

389

(1)

18.2 Methods for the Measurement of Water-holding Capacity

390

(1)

18.3 Muscle Structure and Water Distribution

391

(1)

18.4 Changes Post Mortem and Water-holding Capacity

392

(2)

18.5 First Conclusion

394

(1)

18.6 Processing of Meat and Water-holding Capacity

395

(3)

18.7 Conclusion on the Effects of Processing on water-holding Capacity

398

(1)

References

399

(2)

Perspectives

401

(2)

Index

403

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Muscle Development of Livestock Animals : Physiology, Genetics and Meat Quality

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