Immunology, Immunopathology, and Immunity

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ISBN: 9781555812027 | 1555812023
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/1/2001

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The Albany Medical College, Albany, NY. Text outlining what the immune system is, what it does, and how it works, for medical students. Features numerous figures and illustrations, with a bibliography at the end of each chapter. Answers clinically-related questions about the role of immune response in disease prevention. Previous edition: c1996. DNLM: Immune system--physiology.

Preface

xix

I Immunology

(232)

Introduction to Part I

(7)

Immunity

(3)

Innate Immunity

(1)

Adaptive Immunity

(2)

The Inflammatory Response

(2)

Immunopathology (the Double-Edged Sword)

(1)

Summary

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Cells of the Immune System

(23)

The Blood and Lymphoid Systems

(1)

Blood Cells

(14)

Red Blood Cells

(1)

White Blood Cells

(13)

Cellular Interactions in Immune Responses

(1)

Hematopoiesis (Blood Formation)

(5)

Hematopoietic Factors

(1)

Hematopoietic Factor Treatment of Human Diseases

(3)

Summary

(1)

Bibliography

(3)

Inflammation and Wound Healing

(68)

The Inflammatory Process

(2)

Acute Inflammation

(3)

Initiation of Inflammation

(1)

Chemical Mediators

(1)

Gross Manifestations

(1)

Histologic Features

(2)

Classification of Inflammation

(1)

The Cells of Acute Inflammation

(16)

Mast Cells

(1)

Fce Receptors

(1)

Mast Cell Mediators

(1)

Histamine

(4)

Platelets

(1)

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

(2)

Adhesion Molecules

(6)

Eosinophils

(1)

Serum Protein Systems

(15)

Complement

(9)

The Coagulation System

(3)

The Kinin System

(1)

Acute-Phase Reactants

(3)

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

(1)

Interrelationships of Inflammatory Cells and Protein Systems in Acute Inflammation

(2)

Chronic Inflammation

(1)

The Cells of Chronic Inflammation

(6)

Lymphocytes

(1)

Macrophages

(5)

Cytokines in Chronic Inflammation

(3)

IL-1

(1)

IL-2

(1)

IFN-γ

(1)

MIF

(1)

TGF-β1

(1)

TNF

(1)

Chemokines

(3)

Apoptosis

(2)

Death Receptors

(1)

Caspases

(1)

The Bcl Family

(1)

Wound Healing

(3)

Growth Factors

(2)

Adhension Molecules

(1)

Review of Mediators of Inflammation

(1)

Manifestations of Inflammation in Tissues

(1)

Cytokines, Adhesion Molecules, and Growth Factors in Atherosclerosis

(1)

Amyloidosis

(4)

Classification

(1)

Amyloidogenic Proteins

(3)

Alzheimer's Disease

(1)

Summary

(1)

Bibliography

(5)

All about B Cells

101

(49)

B Cells and Antibodies

101

(1)

Antibodies

101

(4)

Antigen Binding

103

(1)

Clonal Selection

104

(1)

Immunoglobulin Structure

105

(12)

Isotypes

105

(1)

Prototype Molecule

105

(2)

Variable and Constant Domains

107

(1)

Effector Functions

108

(1)

Fc Receptors

109

(2)

Human Heavy-Chain Isotypes

111

(3)

Light-Chain Isotypes

114

(1)

Diversity of Antibody Specificity

114

(2)

Antigenic Determinants (Epitopes)

116

(1)

Idiotypes

116

(1)

Xenotypes and Allotypes

117

(1)

Antibody-Antigen Reactions

117

(12)

Precipitin Reaction

117

(1)

Immunodiffusion

118

(2)

Immunoelectrophoresis

120

(1)

Agglutination

121

(1)

Complement Fixation

121

(1)

Radioimmunoassay

122

(1)

Immunolabeling

122

(4)

Antibody Affinity Chromatography

126

(1)

Neutralization Tests

127

(1)

Antigen-Antibody Reaction In Vivo

128

(1)

The B-Cell Receptor (BCR)

129

(2)

The BCR as a Signal Transducer

129

(1)

The BCR in Antigen Presentation

130

(1)

Immunoglobulin Genes

131

(11)

Generation of Diversity

131

(1)

Light-Chain V Gene Assembly

131

(4)

Heavy-Chain Diversity

135

(7)

B-Cell Development

142

(2)

Ig Gene Expression

142

(1)

CD Markers of B-Cell Differentiation

142

(1)

B-Cell Tolerance

142

(2)

Gene Rearrangements in Lymphomas and Leukemias

144

(1)

Application of Antibody Technology to Therapy

145

(2)

Summary

147

(1)

Bibliography

147

(3)

All about T Cells and Induction of Immunity

150

(48)

T Cells and the Immune Response

150

(6)

T-Cell Recognition of Antigens

150

(1)

Clonal Expansion of T Cells

151

(2)

T-Cell Cloning

153

(1)

T-Cell Hybridomas

153

(1)

T-Cell Epitope Mapping

153

(3)

The T-Cell Receptor

156

(3)

Structure

156

(2)

Chromosomal Location

158

(1)

Superantigens

158

(1)

T-Cell Activation

159

(11)

Antigen Signaling

159

(1)

Tyrosine Kinases

159

(3)

Tec Kinases

162

(1)

CD45

162

(1)

Phospholipase Cyl

163

(1)

The Ras Pathway

163

(1)

IL-2 and IL-2 Receptors

164

(1)

The Jak/STAT Pathway

164

(1)

Antigen Processing and Presentation

164

(1)

Endosomal or Exogenous Processing

165

(1)

Nonendosomal or Endogenous Processing

165

(3)

Peptide-MHC Binding

168

(2)

The Major Histocompatibility Complex

170

(4)

Structure

171

(1)

Inheritance

171

(1)

HLA Matching

171

(2)

Self Recognition

173

(1)

T-Cell-B-Cell Interactions, the MHC, and the Immune Response

174

(6)

MHC Recognition by T Cells

175

(1)

Activation Signals

176

(2)

T-Cell Populations and Control of the Immune Response

178

(2)

Prophylactic Immunization (Vaccination)

180

(11)

History: Smallpox

180

(2)

Vaccination for Antibody Production

182

(1)

Vaccine Design: Influenza Virus

183

(2)

Vaccine Potency: Haemophilus influenzae

185

(1)

Control of the Type of Immune Response

186

(5)

Summary

191

(2)

Bibliography

193

(5)

Lymphoid Organs

198

(35)

The Lymphatic System: Vessels and Organs

198

(3)

Lymphatic Vessels

198

(3)

Lymphoid Organs: Structure and Function

201

(24)

Central Lymphoid Organs

201

(6)

Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

207

(9)

Innervation of Lymphoid Organs

216

(1)

Comparison of the Structures of Lymphoid Organs

217

(1)

Lymphocyte Circulation

217

(2)

The Effect of Antigens on Lymphoid Tissue

219

(5)

Normal Lymphoid Traffic

224

(1)

Activated Lymphoid Traffic

224

(1)

Development of Lymphoid Organs (Ontogeny)

225

(2)

Hematopoiesis

225

(2)

Summary

227

(1)

Bibliography

227

(6)

II Immunopathology and Immunity

233

(452)

Introduction to Part II

235

(5)

Immunity, Immunopathology, Hypersensitivity, and Allergy

235

(1)

Immune Effector Mechanisms

236

(2)

Antibody-Directed Immune Effector Mechanisms

236

(1)

Cell-Mediated Immune Effector Mechanisms

237

(1)

The ``Double-Edged Sword'' of Immune Defense Mechanisms

238

(1)

Bibliography

239

(1)

Inactivation and Activation of Biologically Active Molecules

240

(36)

Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Inactivation and Activation

240

(4)

Inactivation

240

(3)

Activation

243

(1)

Examples of Antibody-Mediated Inactivation and Activation

244

(16)

Hormones

244

(5)

Receptors

249

(9)

Other Biologically Active Molecules

258

(1)

Other Antibodies

259

(1)

Ligands, Receptors, and Idiotypes

260

(1)

Anti-Idiotypes and Ligand Mimicry

260

(1)

Anti-Idiotypes and Disease

260

(1)

Neutralizing Antibodies: Cause and Effect

261

(1)

Protective Functions of Inactivating (Neutralizing) Antibodies

262

(8)

Tetanus

263

(2)

Diphtheria

265

(1)

Viral Neutralization

266

(4)

Summary

270

(1)

Bibliography

270

(6)

Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Reactions

276

(26)

The Mechanism of Cytolytic Reactions

276

(2)

Immunohematologic Diseases

278

(13)

Erythrocytes (Anemia)

278

(10)

Leukocytes (Agranulocytosis)

288

(1)

Platelets

289

(1)

Immune Suppression of Blood Cell Production

290

(1)

Cytolytic Skin Diseases

291

(1)

Other Cytotoxic Reactions

291

(1)

Sperm

291

(1)

Autoimmune Diseases

292

(1)

Homograft Rejection

292

(1)

Detection of Circulating Cytotoxic Antibodies

292

(1)

Passive Transfer (In Vivo)

292

(1)

Coombs' Test (In Vitro)

292

(1)

Protective and Pathologic Effects in Infectious Diseases

293

(6)

Malaria

293

(6)

Summary

299

(1)

Bibliography

299

(3)

Immune Complex Reactions

302

(57)

Immune Complexes in Vivo

302

(1)

The Arthus Reaction

302

(2)

Serum Sickness

304

(3)

Immune Complexes in Infectious Diseases

307

(1)

Glomerulonephritis

308

(10)

Acute Glomerulonephritis

308

(4)

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

312

(1)

Anti-Glomerular Basement Nephritis

313

(1)

Other Glomerulopathies

314

(2)

Renal Tubular Disease

316

(1)

Clinical-Immunopathologic Correlations in Glomerulonephritis

317

(1)

Human Glomerular Diseases

318

(1)

Vasculitis

318

(5)

Behcet's Syndrome

320

(1)

Kawasaki Syndrome (Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome)

320

(2)

Hypocomplementemic Vasculitic Urticarial Syndrome

322

(1)

Giant Cell Arteritis

322

(1)

Post-Cardiac Bypass Syndrome

322

(1)

Aleutian Mink Disease

322

(1)

Dermal Vasculitis

322

(1)

Cutaneous Vasculitis in Infectious Diseases

322

(1)

Rheumatic Fever

323

(2)

Diffuse Connective Tissue Diseases

325

(27)

Polyarteritis Nodosa

327

(1)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

328

(6)

Spondyloarthropathies and HLA-B27

334

(1)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

335

(9)

Sjogren's Syndrome (Sicca Complex)

344

(2)

Inflammatory Myopathies (Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis)

346

(2)

Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS, or Scleroderma)

348

(2)

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease and Overlap Syndromes

350

(1)

Thrombotic Microangiopathies

351

(1)

Summary

351

(1)

Other Immune Complex Diseases

352

(1)

Cellular Interstitial Pneumonia

352

(1)

Arthritis

352

(1)

Choroid Plexus Deposition

352

(1)

Uveitis

352

(1)

Evaluation of Circulating Immune Complexes

353

(1)

Summary

353

(1)

Bibliography

353

(6)

Atopic and Anaphylactic Reactions (Allergy)

359

(42)

Introduction

359

(3)

Definitions

359

(1)

Histamine Receptors

360

(1)

Comparison of Anaphylactic and Atopic Reactions

361

(1)

Allergens

362

(1)

Allergic Sensitization

362

(1)

Chemistry of Allergens

362

(1)

Natural Distribution of Allergens

363

(1)

Reaginic Antibody

363

(4)

IgE Antibody

364

(1)

Passive Anaphylaxis

364

(1)

Clinical Antibody Tests (In Vivo)

365

(1)

Laboratory Tests (In Vitro)

366

(1)

Mediator Release from Mast Cells

367

(1)

Anaphylaxis

367

(2)

Cutaneous Anaphylaxis

367

(1)

Systemic Anaphylaxis

367

(2)

Idiopathic Anaphylaxis

369

(1)

Atopic Allergy

369

(1)

Route of Access of Antigen

369

(1)

Dose of Antigen

369

(1)

``The Shock Organ''

369

(1)

Familial Susceptibility (Genetics)

370

(1)

Asthma

370

(5)

Predisposing Factors

371

(1)

Intrinsic Asthma

372

(1)

Nonimmune Asthma

372

(1)

Pathologic Changes

372

(2)

Therapy

374

(1)

Atopic Reactions

375

(5)

Hay Fever (Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis)

375

(1)

Nasal Polyps

376

(1)

Food Allergy

377

(1)

Insect Allergy

377

(2)

Atopic Eczema-Atopic Dermatitis

379

(1)

Aspirin Intolerance

379

(1)

Urticaria and Angioedema

380

(3)

Anaphylactoid Reactions

381

(1)

Hereditary Angioedema

382

(1)

Immunotherapeutic Modification of Atopic Allergy

383

(4)

Hyposensitization

384

(1)

Desensitization

385

(1)

Tolerance

385

(1)

Suppression

385

(1)

Increased Serum IgE

386

(1)

Anti-IgE

386

(1)

Pharmacologic Control of Atopic Reactions

387

(4)

Mast Cells

388

(1)

End-Organ Sensitivity

388

(1)

The Autonomic Nervous System

389

(1)

Autoantibodies of β-Adrenergic Receptors

389

(2)

Treatment of Allergies

391

(3)

Protective Role of IgE

391

(1)

Bacterial Infections

392

(1)

Intestinal Parasites

392

(1)

Avoidance of Allergy

393

(1)

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

393

(1)

Summary

394

(1)

Bibliography

395

(6)

T-Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

401

(30)

Cell-Mediated Immunity

401

(1)

TCTL, TDTH, and Natural Killer Cells

401

(3)

T-Cell Killing

402

(1)

NK Cell Killing

402

(2)

Induction of T-Cell Immunity

404

(1)

TCTL-Cell Reactions in Vitro

405

(1)

TCTL-Cell Reactions In Vivo

406

(21)

Contact Dermatitis

406

(3)

Tissue Graft Rejection

409

(8)

Pregnancy: a Tolerated Graft

417

(2)

Transplantation Summary

419

(1)

Viral Exanthems

420

(1)

Viral Hepatitis

420

(3)

Warts

423

(1)

Autoimmune Disease

423

(4)

Summary

427

(1)

Bibliography

427

(4)

Delayed-Type Hypersensivitiy

431

(21)

TDTH-Cell Reactions: Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity

431

(1)

TDTH-Cell Activation and Superantigens

432

(2)

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Skin Reaction

434

(2)

Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity

436

(1)

Transfer Factor

436

(1)

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity and Infection

437

(2)

Syphilis

437

(2)

TDTH-Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Disease

439

(4)

Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

439

(2)

Human Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis

441

(1)

Experimental Allergic Neuritis

442

(1)

Experimental Allergic Sympathetic Neuritis

442

(1)

Viral Encephalitis

443

(4)

Animal Models of Viral Encephalitis

443

(2)

Viral Encephalitides of Humans

445

(2)

TCTL and TDTH Cells, Tuberculosis, and Leprosy

447

(1)

Summary

448

(1)

Bibliography

448

(4)

Granulomatous Reactions

452

(26)

The Nature of Granulomas

452

(3)

Granulomatous Diseases

455

(18)

Infectious Diseases

455

(11)

Granulomatous Responses to Known Antigens

466

(2)

Diseases of Unknown Etiology

468

(4)

Immune Deficiency Diseases

472

(1)

Protective Functions of Granulomatous Reactions

472

(1)

Summary

473

(1)

Bibliography

473

(5)

Interplay of Inflammatory and Immunopathologic Mechanisms, Immune Defense, and Evasion of Immune Defense Mechanisms during Infection

478

(32)

Nonimmune Inflammation

478

(1)

Immune Inflammation

478

(3)

Interaction of Immune and Nonimmune Inflammation

481

(1)

Immune-Specific Protection against Infection

481

(7)

Bacterial Infections

482

(2)

Viral Infections

484

(1)

Mycobacterial Infections

484

(1)

Protozoal Infections

485

(1)

Helminth (Worm) Infections

486

(1)

Fungal Infections

487

(1)

Insect Stings

487

(1)

Summary of the Role of Immune Mechanisms in Protection against Infections

487

(1)

Interaction of Immune Mechanisms in Some Infectious Diseases

488

(4)

Lyme Disease

488

(2)

Strongyloides Hyperinfection

490

(2)

Evasion of Immune Defense Mechanisms

492

(13)

Echinococcosis: Protected Niche

494

(1)

HIV: Intracellular Location and Immunosuppression

494

(1)

Chlamydia trachomatis: Endosomes

494

(1)

Streptococus pneumoniae: Resistance to Phagocytosis

494

(1)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: FasL Expression

495

(1)

Schistosomiasis: Protective Niche, Masking of Surface Antigens, Complement Misdirection, and Th1-versus-Th2 Response

495

(1)

Vaccinia Virus: Control of Complement Activation

496

(1)

Trypanosomiasis: Antigenic Modulation

496

(1)

Measles: Immunosuppression

497

(1)

Influenza Virus: Stearic Hindrance

498

(1)

Herpes Simplex Virus: Intracellular Location, Bipolar Bridging, and Complement Inhibition

498

(1)

Malaria: FasL Expression, Antibody-Mediated Infection, and Peptide Inhibition of Antigen Presentation

499

(1)

Ascaris lumbricoides: Extracorporeal Location and MHC-Restricted Recognition

499

(1)

Adenovirus: Downregulation of Class I MHC and Inhibition of Apoptosis

500

(1)

Cytomegalovirus: Class I and II MHC Degradation and Molecular Decoys

500

(1)

Leprosy and Syphilis: Immune Deviation

501

(1)

Poxviruses: Effector Modulation and Soluble Receptors

502

(1)

Epstein-Barr Virus: IL-10

502

(1)

Leishmaniasis: Complement-Mediated Endocytosis, Inhibition of Macrophage Killing, Modulation of T-Cell Immunity, and Immune Deviation

503

(2)

Summary

505

(2)

Bibliography

507

(3)

Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases

510

(18)

The Skin Immune System

510

(3)

The Perivascular Unit

510

(1)

Functions of the Skin Immune System

511

(2)

Antibody-Mediated Skin Diseases

513

(1)

Inactivation or Activation

513

(2)

Pemphigus and Pemphigoid

513

(2)

Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita

515

(1)

Cytotoxic or Cytolytic Reactions

515

(2)

Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy (Sprue, or Celiac Disease)

516

(1)

Herpes Gestationis

516

(1)

Lupus Erythematosus

516

(1)

Dermatomyositis

517

(1)

Vitiligo

517

(1)

Alopecia

517

(1)

Immune Complex Reactions

517

(1)

Erythema Nodosum

518

(1)

Erythema Marginatum

518

(1)

Cutaneous Vasculitis in Infectious Diseases

518

(1)

Anaphylactic Reactions

518

(2)

Mastocytosis

518

(1)

Cutaneous Anaphylaxis

519

(1)

Giant Urticaria

519

(1)

Angioedema

519

(1)

Hypocomplementemic Vasculitic Urticarial Syndrome

520

(1)

Atopic Dermatitis

520

(1)

Cell-Mediated Reactions

520

(3)

T-Cytotoxic Reactions

520

(2)

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reactions

522

(1)

Granulomatous Lesions

523

(1)

Gumma

523

(1)

Zirconium Granulomas

523

(1)

Leprosy

523

(1)

Sarcoidosis

524

(1)

Disorders of Coagulation

524

(1)

Summary

524

(1)

Bibliography

524

(4)

Immunoproliferative Diseases

528

(28)

Leukemias and Lymphomas

528

(1)

Maturation of Blood-Forming Cells and Leukemia

529

(1)

Lymphoid Tissue Structure and Lymphoproliferative Disease

529

(1)

Tissue Localization of Lymphoid Cells

529

(1)

Nonmalignant Lymphoproliferation

529

(3)

Malignant Lymphomas

532

(19)

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

533

(12)

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

545

(3)

Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy

548

(1)

Etiology of Lymphomas

549

(2)

Infections Associated with Lymphoproliferative Diseases

551

(1)

Summary

551

(1)

Bibliography

552

(4)

Immunodeficiency Diseases

556

(34)

Immune Deficiencies and Infections

556

(2)

Immune Response of Immature Animals

557

(1)

Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy

557

(1)

Neonatal Wasting Syndrome (TORCH)

558

(1)

Primary Immunodeficiencies

558

(15)

Mouse Models of Primary Immunodeficiencies

559

(1)

Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies

559

(4)

T-Cell Activation Deficiencies

563

(2)

Defects in DNA Repair

565

(1)

Other T-Cell Deficiencies

565

(1)

B-Cell Immunodeficiencies

566

(2)

Inflammatory Defects

568

(5)

Secondary Immunodeficiencies

573

(4)

Iatrogenic Deficiencies

573

(1)

Infectious Diseases

574

(2)

Malcirculation of Lymphocytes

576

(1)

Trauma

576

(1)

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

576

(1)

Opportunistic Infections

577

(1)

Evaluation of Immunodeficiency

578

(1)

Therapy

579

(7)

Passive Antibody

579

(1)

Passive Cell-Mediated Antibody

580

(6)

Summary

586

(1)

Bibliography

587

(3)

Immunology of AIDS

590

(38)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

590

(8)

AIDS-Related Retroviruses

590

(2)

The HIV Genome

592

(1)

HIV Replication and Gene Expression

593

(1)

The HIV Replicative Cycle

594

(3)

Immune Evasion

597

(1)

AIDS

598

(23)

Epidemiology

598

(1)

HIV Transmission

599

(1)

Natural History of HIV Infection

600

(4)

Cellular Dynamics of HIV Infection

604

(1)

Immune Stimulation and Activation of AIDS

604

(2)

Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infection

606

(2)

Immune Dysfunction in AIDS

608

(1)

Pathology and Clinical Staging

609

(2)

Therapy

611

(4)

Animal Models

615

(1)

Vaccination against HIV Infection

616

(5)

Summary

621

(2)

Bibliography

623

(5)

Tumor Immunity

628

(57)

History of Tumor Immunity

628

(1)

Evidence for Tumor Immunity in Humans

628

(3)

Carcinogenesis and Tumor Immunity

631

(1)

Types of Tumor Antigens

632

(6)

TSTAs

632

(2)

The Immune Response of the Primary Tumor-Bearing Host and Concomitant Immunity

634

(1)

Etiology and Immunogenicity of Tumors

634

(1)

Virus-Induced Tumor Antigens

635

(2)

ODTAs

637

(1)

Mechanisms of Tumor Cell Destruction by the Immune System

638

(4)

In Vitro Assays of Tumor Immunity

638

(3)

Antibody-Mediated Tumor Immunity

641

(1)

In Vivo Tumor Killing

641

(1)

Immunosurveillance

642

(5)

The Phenomenon

642

(1)

Failure of Immunosurveillance

643

(4)

Immunodiagnosis of Cancer

647

(15)

Myeloma Proteins

650

(1)

AFP

651

(1)

CEA

651

(1)

PSA

652

(1)

MAbs to Cancer Markers

653

(2)

Cell Surface Carbohydrates

655

(3)

Mucins

658

(1)

Gangliosides

658

(1)

Mixed Markers

658

(2)

Cytoskeletal Elements

660

(1)

Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangements

660

(1)

Oncogene Products

661

(1)

Cancer Marker Summary

661

(1)

Immunotherapy of Cancer

662

(14)

Therapeutic Approaches

662

(1)

History of Immunotherapy

662

(3)

Evaluation of Immunotherapy

665

(1)

BCG

665

(1)

DNCB

666

(1)

Interferon

666

(1)

IL-2

667

(1)

TILs

668

(1)

CMV and T-Killer Adoptive Immunotherapy

669

(1)

TNF

669

(1)

IL-12

670

(1)

CD40 Ligand

670

(1)

MAbs: Magic Bullets

670

(2)

Gene Therapy

672

(1)

Human Tumor Antigens

672

(1)

Antigen-Targeted Adoptive Transfer Therapy

673

(1)

Tumor Vaccines

673

(3)

Summary

676

(1)

Bibliography

676

(9)

Appendix 1 History of Immunopathology

685

(6)

Appendix 2 Evolution of Immunity (Phylogeny)

691

(6)

Appendix 3 Cluster-of-Differentiation Molecules

697

(20)

Appendix 4 Cytokines

717

(4)

Appendix 5 Clinical Immunology Tests

721

(6)

Appendix 6 Tables of Lymphoproliferative Diseases

727

(4)

Index

731

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Immunology, Immunopathology, and Immunity

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