Acute Care of the Abdomen

, by Spirt, Mitchell J., M.D.

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ISBN: 9780683181494 | 0683181491
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/1/1997

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Supplemental Materials

Chapter 1 The Gastrointestinal Tract: Clinical Aspects of Anatomy and Physiology

(11)

Anatomy

(3)

Principle Physiologic Function

(1)

Gastrointestinal Motility

(1)

Endocrinology, Exocrinology and Metabolism

(2)

Microbial Environment (Gut Flora)

(1)

Gut Circulation

(4)

Chapter 2 The Gastrointestinal Tract and the Critically Ill Patient

(11)

Critical Illness and Gut Function: Overview

(1)

Aspiration, Gastric Acid, and Nosocomial Pneumonia

(1)

Prognosis and Outcome in Critically Ill Patients

(2)

Physiology of the Gut in Critical Illness

(1)

Gastrointestinal Motility in Critical Illness

(1)

Metabolism in Critical Illness

(2)

Immunity and the Gut in Critical Illness

(1)

Microbiology of Critical Illness: Role of the Gut

(3)

Chapter 3 Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Peptic Ulcer Disease

(26)

Peptic Ulcer Disease (Outpatient Ulcers)

(1)

NSAID-Associated Gastrointestinal Disease

(3)

Endoscopic Findings and Their Implications

(5)

Therapeutic Endoscopy

(3)

Endoscopic Complications and Contraindications

(2)

Medical Therapy for Peptic Ulcer

(2)

Peptic Ulcer Surgery

(1)

Peptic Ulcer Disease: Risk Stratification

(9)

Chapter 4 Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Variceal Bleeding

(19)

Variceal Disease: Risk of Initial Bleeding

(1)

Variceal Disease: Risk of Rebleeding

(1)

Endoscopic Variceal Hemostasis Techniques

(6)

Pharmacologic Therapy

(2)

Mechanical Tamponade

(1)

Intrahepatic Shunts

(2)

Surgery for Variceal Hemorrhage

(6)

Chapter 5 Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: The Other 25%

(5)

Junctional Mucosal Tear

(1)

Less Common Causes of Gastrointestinal Bleeding

(3)

Rare Causes of Gastrointestinal Bleeding

(2)

Chapter 6 Stress-Related Mucosal Disease

(14)

Stress-Related Mucosal Disease

(4)

Stress-Related Injury

(1)

Stress Ulcers (Inpatient Ulcers)

(1)

Prophylaxis of Stress Ulcers

(1)

Histamine Type-2 Antagonists (H(2) Blockers)

(1)

Proton Pump Inhibitors

(1)

Anti-Secretory Agents: Other

(1)

Acid-Neutralizing Agents

(1)

Cytoprotective Agents

(1)

Side Effect Profiles

(4)

Chapter 7 Small Bowel and Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding

(13)

Source of Small Bowel Bleeding

(4)

Diagnostic Evaluation for Small Bowel Bleeding

(3)

Intraoperative Techniques

(2)

Stress Pharmacoangiography

(4)

Chapter 8 Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

100

(11)

Causes of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

100

(1)

Diverticulosis Coli

101

(1)

Vascular Ectasias (Arteriovenous Malformations)

101

(5)

Management of Patients with Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

106

(5)

Chapter 9 Hemorrhage and Resuscitation

111

(25)

Fluid Resuscitation

111

(1)

Hypovolemic Shock

111

(2)

Estimating Blood Loss

113

(2)

Nasogastric Aspirate

115

(2)

Transfusion of Red Blood Cells

117

(2)

Disorders of Coagulation and Hemostasis

119

(2)

Transfusion of Coagulation Factors and Products

121

(1)

Bleeding in Patients with Renal Failure

122

(1)

Transfusion Reactions and Adverse Effects

123

(2)

Infectious Risks of Transfusion

125

(2)

Determination of Bleeding Cessation

127

(2)

Disorders in the Critically Ill that Mimic Gastrointestinal Bleeding

129

(7)

Chapter 10 Gastrointestinal Drugs

136

(27)

Antisecretory Agents

136

(2)

Proton Pump Inhibitors

138

(1)

Somatostatin Analogues

139

(1)

Cytoprotective Agents

140

(2)

Antinausea/Antiemesis Agents

142

(2)

Appetite Promoting Agents

144

(1)

Antidiarrheal Agents

145

(1)

Drugs for Functional Bowel Disorder

146

(2)

Hormones and Natural Substances

148

(1)

Enzymes and Bile Acids

148

(1)

Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

148

(4)

Antirejection Agents

152

(1)

Anti-Infectives

153

(2)

Colonic Purges/Laxatives/Cathartics

155

(2)

Conscious Sedation

157

(3)

Reversal of Conscious Sedation

160

(1)

Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Commonly Prescribed Medications

161

(2)

Chapter 11 Severe Abdominal Pain

163

(24)

History and Physical Examination

163

(1)

Plain Abdominal X-ray Film

164

(3)

Peritonitis

167

(3)

Medical and Surgical Diseases

170

(7)

Other Medical and Surgical Diseases

177

(2)

Pelvic Diseases

179

(2)

Nonsurgical Etiologies

181

(2)

Functional Bowel Disorders

183

(1)

Abdominal Pain in the Immunocompromised Patient

184

(1)

Gastrointestinal Complications of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

184

(3)

Chapter 12 Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies and Caustic Ingestions

187

(14)

Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies

187

(1)

Initial Management of Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies

187

(2)

Foreign Bodies: Anatomic Considerations and Management

189

(5)

Gastrointestinal Deposits and Smuggling

194

(1)

Caustic Ingestions

194

(2)

Management of Caustic Ingestions

196

(5)

Chapter 13 Ileus, Obstruction, Pseudoobstruction, and Perforation

201

(23)

Ileus versus Obstruction

201

(1)

Ileus

202

(3)

Small-Bowel Ileus

205

(2)

Large-Bowel Ileus, CPO (Ogilvie's Syndrome)

207

(3)

Toxic Megacolon

210

(1)

Acute Abdominal Obstruction

211

(1)

Small-Bowel Obstruction

211

(4)

Large-Bowel Obstruction

215

(1)

Large-Bowel Obstruction: Common Causes

216

(1)

Volvulus

216

(3)

Other Causes of Large-Bowel Obstruction

219

(1)

Gastrointestinal Tract Perforation

220

(4)

Chapter 14 Nutrition in the Critically Ill Patient

224

(13)

Nutritional Supplementation: Decision Making

224

(2)

Nutritional Assessment in the Critically Ill Patient

226

(3)

Determination of Caloric Needs

229

(2)

Enteral Nutritional Prescription: Simple Overview

231

(1)

Fluid Balance

232

(1)

Electrolyte Balance

232

(1)

Nitrogen Balance

232

(5)

Chapter 15 Nutrition: Enteral Feeding

237

(16)

Monitoring Enteral Feeding

237

(1)

Gastric Emptying and Residual Volumes in the Critically Ill Patient

238

(2)

Acute Gastroparesis: Maneuvers for Clinical Improvement

240

(1)

Enteral Formulations

241

(1)

Enteral Feeding Techniques

242

(4)

Complications of Enteral Feeding

246

(1)

Nutritional Treatment in Gastrointestinal Disease

247

(6)

Chapter 16 Nutrition: Total Parenteral Nutrition

253

(11)

Total Parenteral Nutrition: For the Nonfunctioning Gut

253

(1)

TPN Solutions

254

(2)

TPN in Critical Illnesses

256

(1)

TPN Supplements

257

(2)

Complications of TPN

259

(2)

Partial (Peripheral) Parenteral Nutrition

261

(3)

Chapter 17 Diarrhea in the Critically Ill Patient

264

(22)

Initial Evaluation

264

(1)

Diagnostic Workup

264

(2)

Nosocomial Diarrhea

266

(4)

Gastroenteritis/Community-Acquired Infectious Diarrhea

270

(3)

Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea

273

(1)

Clostridium difficile Colitis (Pseudomembranous Colitis)

273

(4)

Treatment for Clostridium difficile Colitis

277

(1)

Diarrhea in the Immunosuppressed Patient

278

(8)

Chapter 18 Acute Mesenteric Ischemia (Small Bowel Ischemia)

286

(22)

Acute Mesenteric Ischemia

286

(9)

Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia

295

(3)

Acute Mesenteric Embolization

298

(4)

Segmental Small Bowel Ischemia

302

(1)

Mesenteric Artery Thrombosis

302

(1)

Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis

303

(5)

Chapter 19 Ischemic Colitis

308

(12)

Differential Diagnosis

308

(1)

Ischemic Colitis: Patterns of Distribution

309

(1)

Colonic Ischemia: Physiology

310

(1)

Colonic Ischemia: Risk Factors

311

(2)

Ischemic Colitis: Clinical Presentation

313

(1)

Diagnostic Workup

313

(1)

Management of Ischemic Colitis

313

(5)

Ischemic Colitis: Prognosis and Outcome

318

(2)

Chapter 20 Hepatologic Disorders

320

(28)

Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease

320

(4)

Total Parenteral Nutrition-Induced Hepatic Dysfunction

324

(2)

Drug-Induced Liver Disease

326

(1)

Viral Hepatitis

327

(8)

Ischemic and Veno-Occlusive Liver Disease

335

(3)

Hepatic Diseases of Pregnancy

338

(2)

Cholestasis

340

(2)

Postoperative and Septic Jaundice

342

(6)

Chapter 21 Cirrhosis, Ascites, and Hepatic Encephalopathy

348

(18)

Cirrhosis

348

(3)

Ascites

351

(4)

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Ascites: Peritoneal Fluid Classification

355

(4)

Hepatic Encephalopathy

359

(2)

Liver Disease and the Kidney

361

(5)

Hepatorenal Syndrome

366

(1)

Chapter 22 Fulminant Hepatic Failure

366

(12)

FHF: Causes and Survival

366

(3)

Increased Intracranial Pressure

369

(1)

FHF: Supportive Management

370

(3)

Acetaminophen Toxicity

373

(5)

Chapter 23 Liver Transplantation

378

(14)

Liver Transplantation: Preoperative Candidacy

378

(2)

Liver Transplantation: Donor and Recipient

380

(1)

Posttransplantation Injury and Rejection

381

(2)

Complications in the Posttransplant Patient

383

(5)

Posttransplantation Viral Hepatitis

388

(4)

Chapter 24 Acute Pancreatic Disorders

392

(22)

Acute Pancreatitis

392

(6)

Pancreatitis: Less Common Causes

398

(2)

Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis

400

(2)

Acute Pancreatitis: Local Complications

402

(1)

Prognosis and Outcome: Scoring Systems

403

(1)

Gallstone Pancreatitis

404

(3)

Management and Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis

407

(7)

Chapter 25 Acute Biliary Disorders

414

(21)

Acute Cholecystitis

414

(3)

Acalculous Cholecystitis

417

(2)

Common Bile Duct Stones (Choledocholithiasis)

419

(3)

Choledocholithiasis: Treatment Overview

422

(1)

Therapeutic Pancreaticobiliary Endoscopy

423

(4)

Acute Cholangitis

427

(4)

Acute Cholangitis: Management Overview

431

(4)

Chapter 26 Gut Barrier Protection, Sepsis and Translocation

435

(22)

Sepsis

435

(3)

Gut Initiated Sepsis

438

(2)

Gut Initiated Sepsis: The Stages

440

(17)

Chapter 27 Future Directions

457

(9)

Medical Therapies

458

(2)

Gut Perfusion Monitoring

460

(2)

Organ and Tissue Substitutes

462

(4)

Appendices

466

(17)

Apache Scoring Systems

466

(8)

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

474

(2)

Treatment of Helicobacter pylori

476

(1)

Hemorrhage and Resuscitation

477

(1)

Medications in Pregnancy

478

(1)

Nutrition

479

(2)

Liver Disease

481

(2)

Index

483

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Acute Care of the Abdomen

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