Time in Child Inuktitut

This book presents a study of the development of time reference inyoung children acquiring Inuktitut as a first language. The first suchstudy of an Eskimo-Aleut language, its account of children'sdevelopment of time reference in a system that is fundamentallydifferent from those found in languages previously studied makes aunique contribution to the literature on the acquisition of tense andaspect. Drawing on longitudinal spontaneous speech data from eightInuit children between 2 and 3-and-a-half years old, this studyanalyzes the temporal structures, their meanings and context of use inchildren's communicative interactions with siblings, peers andcaretakers during the early stages of language development. Thecomprehensive study of previously unexplored temporal phenomena and itsunprecedented findings makes this book an important resource forresearchers, teachers and students of child language development,especially the development of time reference. In addition, thedocumentation of the Inuktitut temporal system, especially as used inconversational speech, will be of interest to researchers of timereference.

Preface

vii

Chapter 1 Introduction

1

(4)

Chapter 2 Inuktitut

5

(16)

1. Introduction

5

(1)

2. The Eskimo-Aleut language family

5

(1)

3. Inuktitut today

6

(2)

4. Inuit language research and sources

8

(3)

5. Structure of Inuktitut

11

(9)

6. Conclusion

20

(1)

Chapter 3 Time reference in Inuktitut

21

(80)

1. Introduction

21

(1)

2. Temporal oppositions: future-nonfuture and realis-irrealis

22

(4)

3. Temporal remoteness, aspect and modality (TAM) suffixes

26

(7)

4. Zero-marked verbs

33

(20)

5. Aspectual suffixes and evidential -viniq-

53

(19)

6. The temporal remoteness system

72

(3)

7. Future temporal remoteness suffixes

75

(11)

8. Past temporal remoteness suffixes

86

(6)

9. Lexical temporal adverbials

92

(3)

10. Subordinate verb endings

95

(2)

11. Tense as a syntactic category in Inuit

97

(3)

12. Conclusion

100

(1)

Chapter 4 The development of time reference in child language: A review of the literature

101

(29)

1. Introduction

101

(1)

2. On the order of acquisition of time reference

101

(9)

3. Distributional patterns in early tense-aspect marking

110

(18)

4. Conclusion

128

(2)

Chapter 5 Methodology

130

(16)

1. Introduction

130

(1)

2. Child language data

130

(12)

3. Adult language data

142

(2)

4. Conclusion

144

(2)

Chapter 6 Early verb development in Inuktitut

146

(10)

1. Introduction

146

(1)

2. Piarajausiit (baby words)

146

(1)

3. Uninflected verbs

147

(1)

4. Simple inflected verbs

148

(3)

5. Verbs marked with temporal remoteness, aspect and modality suffixes

151

(2)

6. The development of marked future and past time reference

153

(1)

7. Conclusion

154

(2)

Chapter 7 Zero-marked verbs in early Inuktitut

156

(23)

1. Introduction

156

(1)

2. Zero-marked verbs and time reference in early Inuktitut

156

(1)

3. The context of use of zero-marked verbs in early Inuktitut

157

(11)

4. Errors with zero-marked verbs

168

(4)

5. Alternations with zero-marked and TAM-marked verbs

172

(6)

6. Conclusion

178

(1)

Chapter 8 Aspectual suffixes in early Inuktitut

179

(41)

1. Introduction

179

(1)

2. The role of aspectual marking in early Inuktitut

179

(3)

3. Prospective -si-

182

(6)

4. Ingressive -liq-

188

(9)

5. Durative -kainnaq-

197

(3)

6. Terminative -jariiq-

200

(2)

7. Positional -nga-

202

(2)

8. Experiencer perfect -ma-

204

(2)

9. Perfect -lima-

206

(7)

10. Evidential -viniq-

213

(5)

11. Conclusion

218

(2)

Chapter 9 Future temporal remoteness in early Inuktitut

220

(19)

1. Introduction

220

(1)

2. The role of future temporal remoteness in early Inuktitut

220

(2)

3. Near future -langa-

222

(5)

4. Same day future -niaq-

227

(4)

5. Distant future -laaq-

231

(4)

6. Soon, later, tomorrow: The influence of pragmatic context

235

(2)

7. Conclusion

237

(2)

Chapter 10 Past temporal remoteness in early Inuktitut

239

(24)

1. Introduction

239

(1)

2. The role of past temporal remoteness in early Inuktitut

239

(2)

3. Recent past -kainnaq-

241

(5)

4. Same day past -qqau-

246

(4)

5. Yesterday past -lauq-

250

(4)

6. Distant past -lauju-

254

(4)

7. Long ago past -lauqsima-

258

(1)

8. First past marking

259

(2)

9. Conclusion

261

(2)

Chapter 11 Temporal adverbials and temporal clause coordination in early Inuktitut

263

(7)

1. Introduction

263

(1)

2. Lexical temporal adverbials

263

(4)

3. Temporal clause coordination

267

(2)

4. Conclusion

269

(1)

Chapter 12 Summary and Conclusions

270

(11)

1. Introduction

270

(2)

2. Zero-marked verbs for reference to realized events

272

(1)

3. Future before past

273

(2)

4. First marked past

275

(1)

5. The temporal remoteness system

276

(1)

6. Temporal adverbials and temporal clauses

277

(1)

7. Implications and future research

278

(3)

Appendix A Abbreviations and notational conventions

281

(3)

Appendix B Productivity assessment data

284

(12)

References

296

(17)

Index

313

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Time in Child Inuktitut

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Time in Child Inuktitut

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