Optically Stimulated Luminescence

The book discusses advanced modern applications of optically stimulated luminescence including the appropriate fundamentals of the process. It features major chapters on the use of OSL in space radiation dosimetry, medical physics, personnel dosimetry, security, solid-state physics and other related applications. In each case, the underlying theory is discussed on an as-needed basis for a complete understanding of the phenomena, but with an emphasis of the practical applications of the technique. After an introductory chapter, Chapters 2 to 6 cover basic theory and practical aspects, personal dosimetry, space dosimetry, medical dosimetry and solid-state physics and optical properties. Chapter 7 describes other applications including environmental dosimetry, accident dosimetry, integrated dosimeters, security and temperature sensing. The last chapter discusses future trends .

Stephen W. S. McKeever is Vice President for Research and Technology Transfer at Oklahoma State University (USA). He is also a Regents Professor in the department of physics. He was named a Noble Research Fellow in Optical Materials in 1987. Professor McKeever was also named the MOST (More Oklahoma Science and Technology) Chair of Experimental Physics in 1999. He is widely known for his research in optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) with specific applications to radiation dosimetry. Major accomplishments in recent years include leading a research team that the developed optically stimulated luminescence as a means of personal radiation dosimetry. The patented technology was used commercially to develop a radiation dosimeter system currently used worldwide. His special interests are space radiation dosimetry to monitor radiation doses to astronauts on long-duration space flights, such as a manned mission to Mars. He has authored or co-authored over 180 scientific publications and five books.

Eduardo G. Yukihara is an Assistant Professor at Oklahoma State University. He has been involved with research on OSL since 2000, and his research group currently focuses on the development of the OSL technique in various fields such as space dosimetry, medical dosimetry, accident dosimetry, neutron dosimetry, as well as investigations in basic properties of OSL materials. He has presented material relating to this book to students in short courses, colloquia, a conference summer school, and invited conference presentations. In addition, he has been invited to write a review paper on applications of OSL in medicine and biology to the journal Physics in Medicine and Biology.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Disclaimer	p. xiv
List of Acronyms	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
A Short History of Optically Stimulated Luminescence	p. 1
Brief Description of Successful Applications	p. 7
Personal	p. 7
Space	p. 8
Medical	p. 9
Security	p. 10
The Future	p. 10
Theory and Practical Aspects	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
Basic Aspects of the OSL Phenomenon	p. 17
Energy Levels in Perfect Crystals	p. 17
Defects in the Crystal	p. 18
Excitation of the Crystal by Ionizing Radiation	p. 19
Trapping and Recombination at Defect Levels	p. 22
Thermal Stimulation of Trapped Charges	p. 24
Optical Stimulation of Trapped Charges	p. 25
The Luminescence Process	p. 27
Rate Equations for OSL and TL Processes	p. 33
Temperature Dependence of the OSL Signal	p. 40
Other OSL Models	p. 44
OSL Readout	p. 47
Basic Elements of an OSL Reader	p. 47
Stimulation Modalities	p. 48
Instrumentation	p. 58
Light Sources	p. 59
Light Detectors	p. 63
Optical Filters	p. 67
Light Collection	p. 69
Sample Heaters	p. 69
Available OSL Readers	p. 70
Experimental Arrangements	p. 70
Automated Research Readers	p. 71
Commercial Dosimetry Readers	p. 73
Optical Fiber Systems	p. 74
Imaging Systems	p. 75
Portable OSL Readers	p. 76
Complementary Techniques	p. 76
OSL Emission and Stimulation Spectrum	p. 76
Lifetime and Time-Resolved OSL Measurements	p. 78
Correlations Between OSL and TL	p. 78
Other Phenomena	p. 82
Overview of OSL Materials	p. 82
Artificial Materials	p. 85
Natural Materials	p. 95
Electronic Components	p. 98
Other OSL Materials and Material Needs	p. 98
Personal Dosimetry	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Quantities of Interest	p. 102
Absorbed Dose and Other Physical Quantities	p. 103
Protection Quantities	p. 108
Operational Quantities	p. 110
Dosimetry Considerations	p. 111
Definitions	p. 111
Dose Calculation Algorithm	p. 114
Reference Calibration Fields for Personal and Area Dosimeters	p. 118
Uncertainty Analysis and Expression of Uncertainty	p. 119
Detectors	p. 123
General Characteristics	p. 123
Al₂O₃:C Detectors	p. 129
BeO Detectors	p. 140
Dosimetry Systems	p. 143
Luxel+ Dosimetry System	p. 143
InLight Dosimetry System	p. 146
Neutron-Sensitive OSL Detectors	p. 150
Development of Neutron-Sensitive OSL Detectors	p. 151
Properties of OSLN Detectors	p. 154
Ionization Density Effects	p. 157
Space Dosimetry	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
Space Radiation Environment	p. 165
Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR)	p. 165
Earth's Radiation Belts (ERB)	p. 167
Solar Particle Events (SPEs)	p. 171
Secondary Radiation	p. 173
Quantities of Interest	p. 174
Absorbed Dose, D	p. 174
Dose Equivalent, H	p. 175
Equivalent Dose, H_T	p. 175
Effective Dose, E	p. 176
Gray-Equivalent, G_T	p. 176
Health Risk	p. 177
Evaluation of Dose in Space Radiation Fields Using OSLDs (and TLDs)	p. 178
The Calibration Problem for Space Radiation Fields	p. 178
Thermoluminescence, TL	p. 182
Optically Stimulated Luminescence, OSL	p. 188
OSL Response in Mixed Fields	p. 197
Applications	p. 206
Use of OSLDs (and TLDs) in Space-Radiation Fields	p. 206
Example Applications	p. 209
Future Directions	p. 216
Medical Dosimetry	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
Radiation Fields in Medical Dosimetry	p. 223
Diagnostic Radiology	p. 223
Radiation Therapy and Radiosurgery	p. 227
Proton and Heavy-Ion Therapy	p. 232
Practical OSL Aspects Applied to Medical Dosimetry	p. 234
A Proposed Formalism	p. 234
Calibration and Readout Protocols	p. 238
A Checklist for Reporting OSL Results	p. 246
Optical-Fiber OSL Systems for Real-time Dosimetry	p. 247
Basic Concept	p. 247
Optical-Fiber OSL System Designs and Materials	p. 249
Readout Approaches	p. 253
Properties of Al₂O₃:C OSL Detectors for Medical Applications	p. 260
Influence Factors and Correction Factors	p. 261
Correction Factors for Beam Quality	p. 265
Clinical Applications	p. 269
Quality Assurance in External Beam Radiation Therapy	p. 269
Brachytherapy	p. 271
Measurement of Dose Profiles in X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)	p. 272
Proton Therapy	p. 274
Fluoroscopy (Patient and Staff Dosimetry)	p. 276
Mammography	p. 277
Out-of-field Dose Assessment in Radiotherapy	p. 278
Dose Mapping	p. 278
Final Remarks on Clinical Applications	p. 279
Other Applications and Concepts	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
Retrospective and Accident Dosimetry	p. 281
Basic Considerations	p. 284
Methodological Aspects	p. 285
Building Materials	p. 289
Household Materials	p. 294
Electronic Components	p. 295
Dental Enamel and Dental Ceramics	p. 299
Environmental Monitoring	p. 306
UV Dosimetry	p. 309
Integrated Sensors	p. 311
Passive/Active Devices	p. 314
Other Potential Security Applications	p. 315
References	p. 317
Index	p. 355
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Optically Stimulated Luminescence Fundamentals and Applications

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