An Integrated Framework for Structural Geology Kinematics, Dynamics, and Rheology of Deformed Rocks

AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

A modern and practice-oriented approach to structural geology

An Integrated Framework for Structural Geology: Kinematics, Dynamics, and Rheology of Deformed Rocks builds a framework for structural geology from geometrical description, kinematic analysis, dynamic evolution, and rheological investigation of deformed rocks. The unique approach taken by the book is to integrate these principles of continuum mechanics with the description of rock microstructures and inferences about deformation mechanisms. Field, theoretical and laboratory approaches to structural geology are all considered, including the application of rock mechanics experiments to nature.

Readers will also find:

• Three case studies that illustrate how the framework can be applied to deformation at different levels in the crust and in an applied structural geology context
• Hundreds of detailed, two-color illustrations of exceptional clarity, as well as many microstructural and field photographs
• The quantitative basis of structural geology delivered through clear mathematics

Written for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in geology, An Integrated Framework for Structural Geology will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing geologists with an interest in a one-stop resource on structural geology.

Steven Wojtal is Professor of Geology at Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, United States.

Tom Blenkinsop is Professor in Earth Science at Cardiff University, United Kingdom.

Basil Tikoff is Professor in Geoscience at the University of Wisconsin, United States.

1. Introduction
1.1 Deformation
1.2 Empirical vs. Theoretical Approaches
1.3 Continuum Mechanics and Its Applicability to Structural Geology
1.4 How to Use This Book

2. Structures Produced by Deformation
2.1 Geological Structures
2.2 Additional Considerations

3. Microstructures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fractures
3.3 Fault Rocks
3.4 Overgrowths, Pressure Shadows and Fringes, and Veins
3.5 Indenting, Truncating and Interpenetrating Grain Contacts, Strain Caps, and Stylolites
3.6 Aligned Grain Boundaries, T Grain Boundaries, and Foam Texture
3.7 Undulose Extinction, Subgrains, Deformation and Kink Bands, Deformation Lamellae, Grain Boundary Bulges, Core-and-Mantle Microstructure
3.8 Deformation Twins
3.9 Grain Shape Fabrics, Ribbon Grains, and Gneissic Banding
3.10 Porphyroblasts
3.11 Crystallographic Fabrics (Crystallographic Preferred Orientations)
3.12 Shear Sense Indicators, Mylonites, and Porphyroclasts
3.13. Collecting Orientated Samples and Relating Sample to Geographic Frames of Reference

4 Displacements
4.1 Overview
4.2 Chapter Organization
4.3 Displacements: Conceptual Foundation
- Specifying Displacements for Individual Particles
- Particle Paths and Velocities
- Displacements of Collections of Particles ? Displacement Fields
- Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, & Pure Strain
- Idealized, Two-Dimensional Displacement Fields
- Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields
- Summary
4.4 Displacements: Comprehensive Treatment
- Specifying Displacements for Individual Particles
- Particle Paths and Velocities
- Displacements of Collections of Particles ? Displacement Fields
- The Displacement Gradient Tensor ? Relating Position and Displacement Vectors
- Idealized, Two-Dimensional Displacement Fields
- Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields
- Summary

5 Strain
5.1. Overview
5.2 Chapter Organization
5.3 Strain: Conceptual Foundation
- Specifying Strain in Deformed Rocks
- One-Dimensional Manifestations of Strain
- Two-Dimensional Manifestations of Strain
- Relating Strain to Displacements
- Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Strain
- Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid
- States of Strain and Strain Paths
- Instantaneous Strains and Strain Rates
- Infinitesimal Strains
- Summary
- Practical Methods for Measuring Strain
5.4 Strain: Comprehensive Treatment
- Relating Strain to Displacements
- Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Deformation
- Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid
- States of Strain and Strain Paths
- Vorticity
- Summary

6. Stress
6.1 Overview
6.2 Stress: Conceptual Foundation
- Forces, Tractions, and Stress
- Characteristics of Stress in Two Dimensions
- State of Stress in Two Dimensions
- Stress in Three Dimensions
- Pore-Fluid Pressure and Effective Stress
- Three-Dimensional States of Stress
- The State of Stress in Earth
- Change of Stress: Paleostress, Path, and History
- Comparison of Displacements, Strain and Stress
- Summary
- Practical Methods for Measuring Stress
6.4 Stress: Comprehensive Treatment
- Force, Traction, and Stress Vectors

7. Rheology
7.1 Overview
7.2 Rheology: Conceptual Foundations
- Moving Beyond Equilibrium
- Models of Rock Deformation
- Summary
7.3 Rheology: Comprehensive Treatment
- Combining Deformation Models to Describe Rock Properties
- Rock Deformation Modes

8. Deformation Mechanisms
8.1 Overview
8.2 Deformation Mechanisms: Conceptual Foundations
- Elastic Distortion
- Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms
- Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms
- Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms
- Diffusion- and/or Dislocation-Accommodated Grain Boundary Sliding
- Deformation Mechanism Maps
- Summary
8.3 Deformation Mechanisms: Comprehensive Treatment
- Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms
- Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms
- Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms
- Grain Boundary Sliding and Superplasticity

9. Case Studies of Deformation and Rheology
9.1 Overview
9.2 Integrating Structural Geology and Geochronology: Ruby Gap Duplex, Redbank Thrust Zone, Australia
9.3 The Interplay of Deformation Mechanisms and Rheologies in the Mid-Crust: Copper Creek Thrust Sheet, Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Tennessee, USA
9.4 Induced Seismicity
9.5 Using Case Studies to Assess Lithospheric Strength Profiles
9.6 Broader Horizons