Semiconductors Bonds and bands

As we settle into this second decade of the 21st century it is evident that the advances in microelectronics have truly revolutionized our day-to-day lifestyle. The growth of microelectronics itself has been driven, and in turn is calibrated by, the growth in density of transistors on a single integrated circuit, a growth that has come to be known as Moore's Law. Considering that the first transistor appeared only at the middle of the last century, it is remarkable that billions of transistors can now appear on a single chip. The technology is built upon semiconductors, materials in which the band gap has been engineered for special values suitable to the particular application. This book, written specifically for a one-semester course for graduate students, provides a thorough understanding of the key solid-state physics of semiconductors and prepares readers for further advanced study, research and development work in semiconductor materials and applications. The book describes how quantum mechanics gives semiconductors unique properties that enabled the microelectronics revolution, and sustain the ever-growing importance of this revolution. Including chapters on electronic structure, lattice dynamics, electron-phonon interactions and carrier transport it also discusses theoretical methods for computation of band structure, phonon spectra, the electron-phonon interaction and transport of carriers.

David K Ferry is Regents' Professor in the School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, at Arizona State University. He received his doctoral degree from the University of Texas, Austin, and was the recipient of the 1999 Cledo Brunetti Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for his contributions to nanoelectronics. He is the author, or co-author, of numerous scientific articles and more than a dozen books

1 Introduction

1.1 What is included in device modeling?

1.2 What is in this book?

References

2 Electronic Structure

2.1 Periodic Potentials

2.1.1 Bloch Functions

2.1.2 Periodicity and Gaps in Energy

2.2 Potentials and Pseudopotentials

2.3 Real-Space Methods

2.3.1 Bands in One Dimension

2.3.2 Two-Dimensional Lattice

2.3.3 Three-Dimensional Lattices-Tetrahedral Coordination

2.3.4 First Principles and Empirical Approaches

2.4 Momentum Space Methods

2.4.1 The Local Pseudo-Potential Approach

2.4.2 Adding Nonlocal Terms

2.4.3 The Spin-Orbit Interaction

2.5 The k-p Method

2.5.1 Valence and Conduction Band Interactions

2.5.2 Wave Functions

2.6 The Effective Mass Approximation

2.7 Semiconductor Alloys

2.7.1 The Virtual Crystal Approximation

2.7.2 Alloy Ordering

References

3 Lattice Dynamics

3.1 Lattice Waves and Phonons

3.1.1 One-Dimensional Lattice

3.1.2 The Diatomic Lattice

3.1.3 Quantization of the One-Dimensional Lattice

3.2 Waves in Deformable Solids

3.2.1 (100) Waves

3.2.2 (110) Waves

3.3 Lattice Contribution to the Dielectric Function

3.4 Models for Calculating Phonon Dynamics

3.4.1 Shell Models

3.4.2 Valence Force Field Models

3.4.3 Bond-Charge Models

3.4.4 First Principles Approaches

3.5 Anharmonic Forces and the Phonon Lifetime

3.5.1 Anharmonic Terms in the Potential

3.5.2 Phonon Lifetimes

References

4 The Electron-Phonon Interaction

4.1 The Basic Interaction

4.2 Acoustic Deformation Potential Scattering

4.2.1 Spherically Symmetric Bands

4.2.2 Ellipsoidal Bands

4.3 Piezoelectric Scattering

4.4 Optical and Intervalley Scattering

4.4.1 Zero-Order Scattering

4.4.2 Selection Rules

4.4.3 First-Order Scattering

4.4.4 Deformation Potentials

4.5 Polar Optical Phonon Scattering

4.6 Other Scattering Processes

4.6.1 Ionized Impurity Scattering

4.6.2 Coulomb Scattering in Two Dimensions

4.6.3 Surface-Roughness Scattering

4.6.4 Alloy Scattering

4.6.5 Defect Scattering

References

5 Carrier Transport

5.1 The Boltzmann Transport Equation

5.1.1 The Relaxation Time Approximation

5.1.2 Conductivity

5.1.3 Diffusion

5.1.4 Magnetoconductivity

5.1.5 Transport in High Magnetic Field

5.1.6 Energy Dependence of the Relaxation Time

5.2 The Ensemble Monte Carlo Technique

5.2.1 Free Flight Generation

5.2.2 Final State After Scattering

5.2.3 Time Synchronization

5.2.4 Rejection Techniques for Nonlinear Processes

What is included with this book?

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The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

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Semiconductors Bonds and bands

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials