The Semitic Languages

The Handbook of Semitic Languages offers a comprehensive reference tool for Semitic Linguistics in its broad sense. It is not restricted to comparative Grammar, although it covers also comparative aspects, including classification. By comprising a chapter on typology and sections with sociolinguistic focus and language contact, the conception of the book aims at a rather complete, unbiased description of the state of the art in Semitics. Articles on individual languages and dialects give basic facts as location, numbers of speakers, scripts, numbers of extant texts and their nature, attestation where appropriate, and salient features of the grammar and lexicon of the respective variety. The Handbook is the most comprehensive treatment of the Semitic language family since many decades.

Introduction	p. 1
Semitic in an Afroasiatic Context
Semitic-Egyptian Relations	p. 7
Semitic-Berber Relations	p. 18
Semitic-Chadic Relations	p. 27
Semitic-Cushitic/Omotic Relations	p. 38
Reconstructing Proto-Semitic and Models of Classification
Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology	p. 54
Reconstructive Morphology	p. 151
Prpto-Semitic Lexicon	p. 179
Phyla and Waves: Models of Classification of the Semitic Languages	p. 259
The Semitic Languages and Dialects I: Their Typology
Morphological Typology of Semitic	p. 279
Syntactic Typology of Semitic	p. 303
The Semitic Languages and Dialects II: East Semitic
Akkadian in General	p. 330
Eblaite and Old Akkadian	p. 340
Babylonian and Assyrian	p. 359
Akkadian and Sumerian Language Contact	p. 396
Akkadian as a Diplomatic Language	p. 405
Akkadian and Aramaic Language Contact	p. 416
The Semitic Languages and Dialects III: North-West Semitic
Northwest Semitic in General	p. 425
Amorite	p. 452
Ugaritic	p. 460
Phoenician and Punic	p. 472
Biblical Hebrew	p. 480
Mishnaic Hebrew	p. 515
Modern Hebrew
Hebrew as the Language of Judaism	p. 537
The Re-Emergence of Hebrew as a National Language
Old Aramaic	p. 555
Imperial Aramaic	p. 574
Imperial Aramaic as an Administrative Language of the Achaemenid Period	p. 587
Late Imperial Aramaic	p. 598
Jewish Palestinian Aramaic	p. 610
Samaritan Aramaic	p. 619
Christian Palestinian Aramaic	p. 628
Syriac	p. 637
Syriac as the Language of Eastern Christianity	p. 652
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic	p. 660
Mandaic	p. 670
Western Neo-Aramaic	p. 685
Turoyo and Mlahsô	p. 697
North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic	p. 708
Neo-Mandaic	p. 725
Language Contact between Aramaic Dialects and Iranian
Aramaic-Arabic Language Contact	p. 747
The Semitic Languages and Dialects IV: Languages of the Arabian Peninsula
Ancient North Arabian	p. 756
Classical Arabic	p. 782
Arabic as the Language of Islam	p. 811
Middle Arabic	p. 817
Creating a Modern Standard Language from Medieval Tradition: The Nahda and the Arabic Academies	p. 835
Modern Standard Arabic	p. 844
Arabic Dialects (general article)	p. 851
Dialects of the Arabian Peninsula	p. 897
Arabic Dialects of Mesopotamia	p. 909
Dialects of the Levant	p. 920
Dialects of Egypt and Sudan	p. 935
Arabic in the North African Region	p. 954
Arabic Sociolinguistics	p. 970
Arabic Urban Vernaculars	p. 982
Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles	p. 990
Berber and Arabic Language Contact	p. 1001
Arabic-Persian Language Contact	p. 1015
Language Contact between Arabic and Modern European Languages	p. 1022
Maltese as a National Language	p. 1033
Ancient South Arabian	p. 1042
Modern South Arabian	p. 1073
The Semitic Languages and Dialects V: Ethio-Semitic Languages
Ethio-Semitic in General	p. 1114
Old Ethiopic	p. 1124
Tigre	p. 1142
Tigrinya	p. 1153
Tigrinya as National Language of Eritrea and Tigray	p. 1170
Amharic	p. 1178
The Role of Amharic as a National Language and an African lingua franca	p. 1212
Gurage	p. 1220
Harari	p. 1257
Etbiosemitic-Cushitic Language Contact	p. 1266
Terminological index	p. 1277
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The Semitic Languages

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