Sensation and Perception

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ISBN: 9780205579808 | 0205579809
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/16/2009

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Sensation and Perception, Fifth Editionmaintains the standard of clarity and coverage set in earlier editions, which make the technical scientific information accessible to a wide range of students. Retaining its traditionally clear writing style, this new edition boasts a thoroughly revised art program and over a thousand new references. It features strong pedagogy, abundant student-friendly examples, and an engaging, conversational style.

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Preview of the Book	p. 4
Overview of Theoretical Approaches to Sensation and Perception	p. 6
The Behaviorist Approach	p. 6
The Empiricist Approach	p. 6
The Gestalt Approach	p. 7
The Gibsonian Approach	p. 7
The Information-Processing Approach	p. 8
The Computational Approach	p. 8
Themes of the Book	p. 9
How to Use This Book	p. 12
Review Questions	p. 13
Key Terms	p. 13
Recommended Readings	p. 14
Research Methods	p. 15
Measuring Responses to Low-Intensity Stimuli	p. 18
Classical Psychophysical Measurement of Detection	p. 18
Signal Detection Theory	p. 21
In-Depth: Forensics, Faces, and False Alarms: Applied Signal Detection Theory	p. 28
Two-Alternative Forced Choice Procedure	p. 31
Measuring Responses to More Intense Stimuli	p. 33
Classical Psychophysical Measurement of Discrimination	p. 33
Relationship between Physical Stimuli and Psychological Reactions	p. 35
Measuring Brain Activity Due to Perceptual Stimuli	p. 39
Studying Individual Neurons	p. 39
Studying Massed Brain Activity	p. 39
Review Questions	p. 40
Key Terms	p. 41
Recommended Readings	p. 42
The Visual System	p. 43
Visual Stimulus	p. 44
Structure and Function of the Eye	p. 46
Cornea, Sclera, and Anterior Chamber	p. 46
Iris and Pupil	p. 47
Lens	p. 48
Retina	p. 49
Posterior Chamber	p. 50
Structure and Function of the Retina	p. 51
Photoreceptors	p. 51
The Duplex Retina	p. 54
Vertical Connections: Bipolar and Ganglion Cells	p. 59
Lateral Connections: Horizontal and Amacrine Cells	p. 61
Pathways from the Retina to the Visual Cortex	p. 63
Information Flow from Retina to Visual Cortex	p. 64
Visual Cortex	p. 69
In - Depth: Beyond the Primary Visual Cortext	p. 73
Concluding Remarks about the Visual System	p. 78
Review Questions	p. 80
Key Terms	p. 80
Recommended Readings	p. 81
Basic Visual Functions	p. 82
Prerequisites for Normal Vision	p. 83
Edges Are Important	p. 83
Change Is Important	p. 87
Higher-Level Processes and Experience Are Important	p. 89
Perceiving Light Energy	p. 91
Light Energy and Lightness Perception	p. 91
Lightness Constancy	p. 93
Explanations for Lightness Perception	p. 94
Perceptual Organization Precedes Lightness Perception	p. 95
Further Complexities in Lightness Perception	p. 97
Acuity	p. 100
Measuring Acuity	p. 100
Characteristics of the Eye That Affect Acuity	p. 101
Characteristics of the Stimulus That Affect Acuity	p. 106
Eye Movements	p. 107
Vergence Movements	p. 107
In - Depth: Version Movements	p. 108
Review Questions	p. 113
Key Terms	p. 113
Recommended Readings	p. 114
Visual Pattern Perception	p. 115
Approaches to Shape and Pattern Perception	p. 116
Spatial Frequency Analysis Approach	p. 117
Gestalt Approach	p. 120
Computational Approach	p. 125
Feature-Integration Approach	p. 130
Prototype-Matching Approach	p. 131
Influence of Context on Shape and Pattern Perception	p. 133
Perceiving Letters in the Context of Words	p. 133
Perceiving Objects in the Context of Scenes	p. 134
Illusory Contours	p. 136
Distortions of Shape Due to Context	p. 137
Selected Topics in Shape and Pattern Perception	p. 138
The Role of Time in Shape Perception	p. 138
Ambiguous Figures	p. 140
Effects of Unusual Stimulus Orientations	p. 141
In - Depth: Face Perception	p. 143
Review Questions	p. 147
Key Terms	p. 147
Recommended Readings	p. 148
Distance and Size Perception	p. 149
Perceiving a Three-Dimensional World	p. 150
Monocular Cues to Depth	p. 151
Binocular Disparity	p. 162
Eye Muscle Cues to Depth	p. 167
Approaches to Distance Perception	p. 168
Perceiving Three-Dimensional Objects	p. 171
In - Depth: Where Am I?: Navigating a Three-Dimensional World	p. 172
Physiological Bases for Depth Perception	p. 174
Size Perception	p. 176
Factors Influencing Size Perception	p. 176
Size Constancy	p. 178
Illusions of Distance and Size	p. 180
Ambiguous Depth or Distance Information	p. 180
Illusions Involving Line Length or Distance	p. 181
Explanations for Line-Length and Distance Illusions	p. 183
Illusions Involving Area	p. 184
Review Questions	p. 187
Key Terms	p. 188
Recommended Readings	p. 188
Color	p. 189
Nature of Color	p. 190
Color Mixing	p. 193
Subtractive Mixtures	p. 193
Additive Mixtures	p. 195
Anatomy and Physiology of Color Vision	p. 198
The Cone Mosaic and Trichromatic Theory	p. 198
Opponent-Process Theory	p. 200
Color Coding beyond the Photoreceptors	p. 201
Individual Differences in Color Vision	p. 203
Color-Vision Deficiencies	p. 204
More than Three Cone Systems	p. 206
Aging and Color Perception	p. 206
Color Phenomena	p. 208
Color Constancy	p. 208
Simultaneous and Successive Color Contrast	p. 210
Subjective Colors	p. 211
Purkinje Shift	p. 211
Memory Color	p. 212
In - Depth: Color Names and Color Perception	p. 212
Review Questions	p. 215
Key Terms	p. 216
Recommended Readings	p. 217
Motion	p. 218
Visual Perception of Real Movement	p. 219
Detecting Motion	p. 219
Movement of the Observer	p. 220
In - Depth: Perceiving Biological Motion	p. 222
Illusory Movement	p. 226
Stroboscopic Movement	p. 226
Perceiving Motion in Stationary Stimuli	p. 227
Misperceiving Motion Due to Context	p. 229
Theoretical Explanations for Motion Perception	p. 230
Corollary Discharge Theory	p. 230
Direct Perception Approach	p. 232
Computational Approach	p. 233
Physiological Basis of Motion Perception	p. 235
Processing Motion Information Before VI	p. 235
Processing Motion Information in VI and Beyond	p. 235
Processing Self-Motion Information	p. 236
Review Questions	p. 237
Key Terms	p. 238
Recommended Readings	p. 238
The Auditory System	p. 240
The Auditory Stimulus	p. 241
Frequency	p. 243
Amplitude	p. 244
Phase Angle	p. 246
The Auditory System	p. 246
Outer Ear	p. 247
Middle Ear	p. 247
Inner Ear	p. 249
In - Depth: Inner and Outer Hair Cells	p. 251
Higher Levels of Auditory Processing	p. 257
Hearing Impairments and Treatments	p. 260
Assessing Auditory Sensitivity	p. 260
Tinnitus	p. 261
Conductive Hearing Loss	p. 261
Sensorineural Hearing Loss	p. 262
Exposure to Loud Sounds	p. 262
Treatments: Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants	p. 263
Review Questions	p. 264
Key Terms	p. 265
Recommended Readings	p. 265
Basic Auditory Functions	p. 267
Pitch Perception	p. 268
Background: Early Theories of Pitch Perception	p. 268
Developments in Place Theory	p. 269
Developments in Temporal Theory	p. 273
How Do We Perceive Pitch?	p. 274
The Complex Relationship between Frequency and Pitch	p. 274
Measuring Pitch	p. 275
Loudness Perception	p. 277
How Do We Perceive Loudness?	p. 277
The Complex Relationship between Amplitude and Loudness	p. 277
Intensity Discrimination	p. 279
Measuring Loudness	p. 280
Auditory Localization	p. 280
Sources of Information for Auditory Localization	p. 281
Physiological Basis of Auditory Localization	p. 283
Measuring Localization Abilities	p. 284
When Interaural Differences Aren't Enough: Localization Difficulties	p. 285
In - Depth: Nonhuman Localizing Abilities	p. 286
Integrating Visual and Auditory Localization	p. 290
Perception of Simultaneous Sounds	p. 291
Perception of Pure Tone Combinations	p. 291
Masking	p. 292
Noise	p. 292
Review Questions	p. 293
Key Terms	p. 294
Recommended Readings	p. 295
Auditory Pattern Perception	p. 296
Perception of Complex Auditory Patterns	p. 297
The Nature of Complex Sound Stimuli	p. 297
Making Sense of Complex Sounds	p. 298
Music Perception	p. 299
The Musical Stimulus	p. 300
Music and the Brain	p. 305
The Role of Cognition in Music Perception	p. 305
Illusions in Music	p. 307
Speech Perception	p. 309
The Speech Stimulus	p. 310
Theories of Speech Perception	p. 314
Speech and the Brain	p. 318
The Role of Cognition in Speech Preparation	p. 318
In - Depth: Interactions between Auditory and Visual Stimuli	p. 321
Review Questions	p. 323
Key Terms	p. 324
Recommended Readings	p. 325
The Skin Senses	p. 326
The Skin	p. 327
Receptors in the Skin	p. 327
From the Skin to the Brain	p. 328
Touch	p. 329
Afferent Systems for Touch	p. 329
Passive Touch	p. 331
Active Touch	p. 334
Interactions between Touch and Vision	p. 336
Temperature	p. 337
Afferent Systems for Temperature	p. 338
Thresholds for Temperature	p. 338
Adapting to Temperature	p. 339
Pain	p. 339
Afferent Systems for Pain and Gate-Control Theory	p. 340
In - Depth: Phantom Limbs and Pain	p. 342
Measuring Pain	p. 344
Adapting to Pain	p. 345
Controlling Pain	p. 345
Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses	p. 348
Kinesthetic Sense	p. 348
Vestibular Sense	p. 349
Review Questions	p. 351
Key Terms	p. 352
Recommended Readings	p. 352
The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell	p. 353
Taste	p. 354
Sensory Aspects of Taste	p. 354
Modifying Taste Perception	p. 357
Measuring Taste Perception	p. 359
Individual Differences in Taste Perception	p. 359
Smell	p. 360
Sensory Aspects of Smell	p. 361
Cognitive Aspects of Smell	p. 364
Modifying Olfactory Perception	p. 364
Measuring Olfactory Perception	p. 365
Individual Differences in Olfactory Perception	p. 367
Recognizing and Identifying Odors	p. 367
In - Depth: Behavioral Influences of Odors	p. 369
Flavor: Interaction of Taste, Smell, and Other Senses	p. 371
Contributions of Taste and Smell to Flavor	p. 371
Contributions of Somatosensory Input to Flavor	p. 372
Contributions of Temperature to Flavor	p. 372
Contributions of Vision to Flavor	p. 372
Contributions of Cognition to Flavor	p. 373
Putting It All Together: Hedonics of Food	p. 373
Review Questions	p. 374
Key Terms	p. 375
Recommended Readings	p. 375
Perceptual Development	p. 376
Studying Perceptual Development in Infancy	p. 377
Preference Method	p. 377
Habituation Method	p. 378
Conditioning Method	p. 378
Physiological Methods	p. 379
Early Development of Visual Abilities	p. 380
The Developing Visual System	p. 380
Acuity	p. 381
Eye Movements	p. 382
In - Depth: Shape Perception	p. 383
Depth and Distance Perception	p. 385
Color Perception	p. 386
Motion Perception	p. 386
Early Development of Auditory Abilities	p. 387
The Developing Auditory System	p. 387
Speech Perception	p. 388
Early Development of Intersensory Abilities	p. 390
Integrating Vision and Audition	p. 390
Integrating Vision and Touch	p. 391
Late Development of Perceptual Abilities	p. 391
Vision in Late Adulthood and Old Age	p. 392
Hearing in Late Adulthood and Old Age	p. 393
The Senses and Aging	p. 394
Review Questions	p. 395
Key Terms	p. 396
Recommended Readings	p. 396
Glossary	p. 397
References	p. 419
Name Index	p. 465
Subject Index	p. 481
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