Separation Anxiety and Anger

The experience of separation and the ensuing susceptibility to anxiety, anger, and fear constitute the flip side of the attachment phenomenon. In an authoritative new foreword to Bowlby's classic study, Stephen Mitchell (who gives resonant voice to the relational perspective in psychoanalysis) bridges the distance between attachment theory and the psychoanalytic tradition.

John Bowlby is honorary staff member of the Tavistock Clinic in London.

Foreword

vii

Preface

xi

Acknowledgements

xvii

PART I SECURITY, ANXIETY, AND DISTRESS

Prototypes of Human Sorrow

3

(22)

Responses of young children to separation from mother

3

(3)

Conditions leading to intense responses

6

(10)

Conditions mitigating the intensity of responses

16

(6)

Presence or absence of mother figure: a key variable

22

(3)

The Place of Separation and Loss in Psychopathology

25

(8)

Problem and perspective

25

(5)

Separation anxiety and other forms of anxiety

30

(1)

A challenge for theory

30

(3)

Behaviour with and without Mother: Humans

33

(24)

Naturalistic observations

33

(6)

Experimental Studies

39

(13)

Ontogeny of responses to separation

52

(5)

Behaviour with and without Mother: Non-human Primates

57

(20)

Naturalistic observations

57

(3)

Early experimental studies

60

(9)

Further studies by Hinde and Spencer-Booth

69

(8)

PART II AN ETHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO HUMAN FEAR

Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear

77

(10)

Anxiety allied to fear

77

(2)

Models of motivation and their effects on theory

79

(4)

Puzzling phobia or natural fear

83

(4)

Forms of Behaviour Indicative of Fear

87

(9)

An empirical approach

87

(2)

Withdrawal behaviour and attachment behaviour

89

(3)

Feeling afraid and its variants: feeling alarmed and feeling anxious

92

(4)

Situations that Arouse Fear in Humans

96

(28)

A difficult field of study

96

(3)

Fear-arousing situations: the first year

99

(6)

Fear-arousing situations: the second and later years

105

(13)

Compound situations

118

(1)

Fear behaviour and the development of attachment

119

(5)

Situations that Arouse Fear in Animals

124

(14)

Natural clues to potential danger

124

(3)

Fear behaviour of non-human primates

127

(7)

Compound situations

134

(2)

Fear, attack, and exploration

136

(2)

Natural Clues to Danger and Safety

138

(13)

Better safe than sorry

138

(4)

Potential danger of being alone

142

(4)

Potential safety of familiar companions and environment

146

(2)

Maintaining a stable relationship with the familiar environment: a form of homeostasis

148

(3)

Natural Clues, Cultural Clues, and the Assessment of Danger

151

(18)

Clues of three kinds

151

(2)

Real danger: difficulties of assessment

153

(3)

`Imaginary' dangers

156

(2)

Cultural clues learnt from others

158

(3)

Continuing role of the natural clues

161

(5)

Behaviour in disaster

166

(3)

Rationalization, Misattribution, and Projection

169

(9)

Difficulties in identifying situations that arouse fear

169

(3)

Misattribution and the role of projection

172

(2)

The case of Schreber: a re-examination

174

(4)

Fear of Separation

178

(9)

Hypotheses regarding its development

178

(4)

Need for two terminologies

182

(5)

PART III INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FEAR: ANXIOUS ATTACHMENT

Some Variables responsible for Individual Differences

187

(14)

Constitutional variables

187

(4)

Experiences and processes that reduce susceptibility to fear

191

(5)

Experiences and processes that increase susceptibility to fear

196

(5)

Susceptibility to Fear and the Availability of Attachment Figures

201

(10)

Forecasting the availability of an attachment figure

201

(2)

Working models of attachment figures and of self

203

(4)

The role of experience in determining working models

207

(2)

A note on use of the terms `mature' and `immature'

209

(2)

Anxious Attachment and Some Conditions that Promote it

211

(26)

`Overdependency' or anxious attachment

211

(4)

Anxious attachment of children reared without a permanent mother figure

215

(5)

Anxious attachment after a period of separation or of daily substitute care

220

(6)

Anxious attachment following threats of abandonment or suicide

226

(11)

`Overdependency' and the Theory of Spoiling

237

(8)

Some contrasting theories

237

(3)

Studies of `overdependency' and its antecedents

240

(5)

Anger, Anxiety, and Attachment

245

(13)

Anger: a response to separation

245

(1)

Anger: functional and dysfunctional

246

(7)

Anger, ambivalence, and anxiety

253

(5)

Anxious Attachment and the `Phobias' of Childhood

258

(34)

Phobia, pseudophobia, and anxiety state

258

(3)

`School phobia' or school refusal

261

(22)

Two classical cases of childhood phobia: a reappraisal

283

(6)

Animal phobias in childhood

289

(3)

Anxious Attachment and `Agoraphobia'

292

(21)

Symptomatology and theories of `Agoraphobia'

292

(7)

Pathogenic patterns of family interaction

299

(10)

`Agoraphobia', bereavement, and depression

309

(1)

A note on response to treatment

310

(3)

Omission, Suppression, and Falsification of Family Context

313

(9)

Secure Attachment and the Growth of Self-reliance

322

(41)

Personality development and family experience

322

(6)

Studies of adolescents and young adults

328

(22)

Studies of young children

350

(9)

Self-reliance and reliance on others

359

(4)

Pathways for the Growth of Personality

363

(46)

The nature of individual variation: alternative models

363

(3)

Developmental pathways and homeorhesis

366

(3)

One person's pathway: some determinants

369

(6)

APPENDICES

I Separation Anxiety: Review of Literature

375

(24)

II Psychoanalysis and Evolution Theory

399

(5)

III Problems of Terminology

404

(5)

Additional Notes

409

(6)

References

415

(21)

Additional References

436

(3)

Index

439

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Separation Anxiety and Anger

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials