Sexuality And Discrimination

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ISBN: 9781594600265 | 1594600260
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/1/2005

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This unique casebook explores the many dimensions of discrimination in the context of sexuality. Strategic considerations of the lawyer as advocate are included, raising issues intended to heighten students' awareness of the personal complexities that often attend the representation of gay and lesbian clients.In its treatment of the ubiquitous problem of discrimination based on sexual orientation, the book addresses the variety of federal, state, and international constitutional and statutory regimes in the contexts of education, employment, housing, and the many issues involving the definition of "family." Cases decided by state, foreign, and various federal courts are analyzed against the backdrop of an emerging paradigm of equal protection of the laws that continues to develop in the United States Supreme Court.The book also considers the intersection of sexuality and AIDS and discrimination against pregnant women. A teacher's manual will be available.

Table of Cases

xxi

Table of Secondary Authorities

xxxiii

Preface

xlvii

Part I Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation

Introduction

(1)

The Social Environment

(11)

The Gay Minority: Facts and Myths

(4)

Understanding the Effects of Homophobia

(2)

External Homophobia

(1)

Violence

(1)

Discrimination

(1)

Estrangement from Family and Friends

(1)

Internalized Homophobia

(1)

Representing the Gay Client in Litigation

(1)

Litigation Tactics when Sexual Orientation Is Not an Issue

(1)

Litigation Tactics when Sexual Orientation Is an Issue

(1)

The Shifting Social Environment

(1)

The Legal Environment

(73)

The ``Right to Privacy''

(1)

Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), rehearing denied, 478 U.S. 1039 (1986)

(9)

Notes

(3)

From Bowers v. Hardwick to Lawrence v. Texas

(1)

Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003)

(15)

Notes

(2)

The Emerging Paradigm of Equal Protection

(1)

Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996)

(9)

Notes

(4)

First Amendment Rights of Private Groups

(1)

Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, 515 U.S. 557 (1995)

(9)

Notes

(3)

Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640 (2000)

(15)

Notes

(2)

Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation in the Context of Education

(56)

Granting Formal Recognition of Student Groups in Higher Education

(25)

Gay Lib v. University of Missouri, 558 F.2d 848, 50 A.L.R.Fed. 496 (8th Cir. 1977), certiorari denied, 434 U.S. 1080 (1978)

(4)

Notes

(3)

Gay Rights Coalition of Georgetown University Law Center v. Georgetown University, 536 A.2d 1 (D.C. App. 1987)

(15)

Notes

112

(3)

Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation in High Schools

115

(30)

Equal Protection Claims Based on Sexual Orientation

117

(1)

Nabozny v. Podlesny, 92 F.3d 446 (7th Cir. 1996)

117

(9)

Flores v. Morgan Hill Unified School District, 324 F.3d 1130 (9th Cir. 2003)

126

(5)

Notes

131

(1)

First Amendment Free Speech Claims

132

(2)

Fricke v. Lynch, 491 F.Supp. 381 (D.R.I. 1980)

134

(5)

Notes

139

(6)

Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation

145

(114)

The Military

146

(61)

Discharge and Discipline of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Members of the Military Service

146

(6)

Able v. United States, 88 F.3d 1280 (2d. Cir. 1996)

152

(11)

Notes

163

(6)

Other Constitutional Attacks on the ``Don't Ask, Don't Tell'' Policy

169

(5)

The ``Don't Ask, Don't Tell'' Policy Perpetuates ``Witchhunts''

174

(2)

Parallels Between the ``Don't Ask, Don't Tell'' Policy and Race

176

(2)

The Solomon Amendment

178

(2)

United States v. Marcum, 60 M.J. 198 (C.A.A.F. 2004)

180

(7)

Notes

187

(1)

Access of Gays and Lesbians to Security Clearances

188

(1)

High Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office, 895 F.2d 563 (9th Cir. 1990)

188

(8)

High Tech Gays v. Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office, 909 F.2d 375 (9th Cir. 1990)

196

(7)

Notes

203

(4)

The Federal Government

207

(2)

The Rehabilitation Act

207

(1)

Access Clearance Revocation

207

(1)

The Clinton Administration's Protection of Gay and Lesbian Federal Employees

208

(1)

State and Local Government Employers

209

(25)

Shahar v. Bowers, 114 F.3d 1097 (11th Cir. 1997) (en banc)

210

(11)

Notes

221

(4)

Rowland v. Mad River Local School District, 730 F.2d 444 (6th Cir. 1984), cert, denied, 470 U.S. 1009 (1985)

225

(6)

Notes

231

(3)

Private Employers and Organizations

234

(25)

Constitutional Challenges to Protective Legislation

234

(1)

Hyman v. City of Louisville, 132 F. Supp. 2d 528 (W.D. Ky. 2001)

234

(8)

Note

242

(1)

The Ministerial Exception for Religious Organizations

242

(2)

Harassment and Unemployment Benefits

244

(1)

Hanke v. Safari Hair Adventure, 512 N.W.2d 614 (Minn. Ct. App. 1994)

244

(2)

Notes

246

(3)

Same-Sex Sexual Harassment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

249

(1)

Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75 (1998)

249

(3)

Notes

252

(7)

Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation in the Context of Housing

259

(24)

Defining the Term ``Family''

259

(12)

Braschi v. Stahl Associates Company, 543 N.E.2d 49 (N.Y. 1989)

260

(5)

Notes

265

(6)

Segregation of Homosexual Prison Inmates

271

(12)

Veney v. Wyche, 293 F.3d 726 (4th Cir. 2002)

271

(6)

Johnson v. Johnson, 385 F.3d 503 (5th Cir. 2004)

277

(4)

Notes

281

(2)

Domestic Relations and Family Status

283

(160)

Same-Sex Marriage

283

(64)

Baker v. Nelson, 291 Minn. 310, 191 N.W.2d 185 (1971), appeal dismissed, 409 U.S. 810 (1972)

286

(1)

Notes

287

(1)

Transsexuals

288

(2)

Baehr v. Lewin, 74 Haw. 530 (1993)

290

(5)

Notes

295

(6)

Name Changes

301

(2)

Relationship Contracts Distinguished from Marriage

303

(2)

Brause v. Bureau of Vital Statistics, 1998 WL 88743 (Alaska Super. 1998)

305

(4)

Notes

309

(3)

Baker v. State of Vermont, 170 Vt. 194 (1999)

312

(12)

Notes

324

(3)

Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, 440 Mass, 309, 798 N.E.2d 941 (Mass. 2003)

327

(14)

Notes

341

(4)

The Full Faith and Credit Clause and the Defense of Marriage Act

345

(2)

Domestic Partnership Benefits and Rights of Family for Same-Gender Partners

347

(47)

In re Cooper, 592 N.Y.S.2d 797 (N.Y. App. Div. 1993)

347

(4)

Notes

351

(3)

Ross v. Denver Dep't of Health and Hospitals, 883 P.2d 516 (Colo. Ct. App. 1994)

354

(4)

Notes

358

(2)

Bailey v. City of Austin, 972 S.W.2d 180 (Tex. App.---Austin 1998)

360

(6)

Notes

366

(1)

City of Atlanta v. McKinney, 454 S.E.2d 517 (Ga. 1995)

366

(5)

Notes

371

(8)

Tanner v. Oregon Health Sciences University, 157 Or. App. 502 (1998)

379

(5)

Notes

384

(1)

Irizarry v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 251 F.3d 604 (7th Cir. 2001)

385

(5)

Notes

390

(4)

Children

394

(49)

Custody

395

(1)

Damron v. Damron, 670 N.W.2d 871 (N.D. 2003)

395

(3)

Notes

398

(1)

The Conduct of Homosexual Parents and its Effect on Custody Rights

399

(2)

Sexual Orientation as a Factor in Visitation Determinations

401

(1)

V.C. v. M.J.B., 748 A.2d 539 (N.J. 2000), cert, denied, 531 U.S. 926 (2000)

402

(9)

Notes

411

(1)

Visitation Rights Where One Parent Is Gay or Lesbian

412

(2)

The Adoption of Children by Gays and Lesbians

414

(1)

In re Adoption of Charles B., 552 N.E.2d 884 (Ohio 1990)

414

(4)

Notes

418

(5)

Lofton v. Sec. of Dep't of Children and Family Serv., 358 F.3d 804 (11th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 869 (2005)

423

(8)

Lofton v. Sec. of Dep't of Children and Family Serv., 377 F.3d 1275 (11th Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 125 S. Ct. 869 (2005)

431

(8)

Notes

439

(1)

Adult Adoption as a Substitute for Marriage

440

(3)

Sexual Orientation and Immigration

443

(24)

History of Immigration as Applied to Homosexuality

443

(5)

Boutilier v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 387 U.S. 118 (1967)

443

(5)

Notes

448

(1)

Family Immigration Policy

448

(7)

Adams v. Howerton, 673 F.2d 1036 (9th Cir.), cert, denied, 458 U.S. 1111 (1982)

449

(5)

Notes

454

(1)

The Permanent Partners Immigration Act

454

(1)

International Laws Surrounding Same-Gender Couples and Immigration

455

(1)

The ``Refugee'' Question

456

(11)

Hernandez-Montiel v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 225 F.3d 1084 (9th Cir. 2000)

456

(8)

Notes

464

(3)

Hate and Sexuality

467

(58)

The National Problem

467

(1)

Hate Speech

468

(17)

First Amendment Concerns

468

(1)

Chambers v. Babbitt, 145 F. Supp. 2d 1068 (D. Minn. 2001)

469

(6)

Notes

475

(1)

The Current Debate

476

(2)

American Family Association, Inc. v. City and County of San Francisco, 277 F.3d 1114 (9th Cir. 2002), cert, denied, 537 U.S. 886 (2002)

478

(4)

Notes

482

(1)

Internet Issues

483

(2)

Hate Crime

485

(21)

What Is a Hate Crime?

485

(2)

Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System

487

(1)

Bias in the Judicial System: Discrimination in the Administration of Justice

487

(1)

The Death Penalty

488

(1)

Neill v. Gibson, 278 F.3d 1044 (10th Cir. 2001), cert, denied, 537 U.S. 835 (2002)

489

(6)

Notes

495

(1)

Hate in Prison Systems

496

(1)

United States v. Lara, 905 F.2d 599 (2d Cir. 1990)

497

(4)

Notes

501

(1)

The Homosexual Advance Defense

501

(2)

State v. Knight, 909 P.2d 1133 (Haw. 1996)

503

(2)

Notes

505

(1)

Hate Crime Legislation Addressing Hate and Sexual Orientation

506

(9)

State Laws

506

(2)

Federal Legislation

508

(1)

18 U.S.C. § 245

508

(1)

Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990

509

(1)

Hate Crimes Sentencing Enhancement Act of 1994

509

(1)

Proposed Legislation: The Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act

510

(5)

Part II The Civil Rights of People with AIDS

Introduction: Facts about AIDS

515

(1)

Scientific Background

515

(2)

Social Environment

517

(1)

Legal Environment

518

(7)

HIV Testing, Screening, and Confidentiality: An American Perspective

518

(2)

HIV and the Law: Integrating Law, Policy, and Social Epidemiology

520

(1)

Experiencing HIV: Personal, Family, and Work Relationships

521

(1)

Statistics on AIDS

522

(3)

Patients with AIDS

525

(58)

Common Law Duties of Hospitals and Individual Physicians

526

(4)

Fiske v. Rooney, 663 N.E.2d 1014 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995)

526

(3)

Notes

529

(1)

Access to Medical Care

530

(18)

Glanz v. Vernick, 756 F. Supp. 632 (D. Mass. 1991)

530

(5)

Notes

535

(1)

Stating a Claim Under the ADA

536

(1)

Sharrow v. Bailey, 910 F. Supp. 187 (M.D. Penn. 1995)

536

(3)

Notes

539

(1)

How Far Does the Right Extend? The Patient's Rights v. Medical Judgment

539

(1)

Lesley v. Hee Man Chie, 250 F.3d 47 (1st Cir. 2001)

540

(8)

Notes

548

(1)

Access to Dental Care

548

(12)

Bragdon v. Abbott, 524 U.S. 624 (1998)

549

(9)

Notes

558

(2)

Heightened Precautionary Measures

560

(4)

North Shore University Hospital v. Rosa, 633 N.Y.S.2d 462 (N.Y. 1995)

560

(3)

Notes

563

(1)

Insurance Coverage

564

(19)

Anderson v. Gus Mayer Boston Store of Delaware, 924 F. Supp. 763 (E.D. Tx. 1996)

564

(12)

Notes

576

(1)

McGann v. H & H Music Company, 946 F.2d 401 (5th Cir. 1991)

576

(4)

Notes

580

(3)

Health Care Workers

583

(42)

Federal Regulation of the Workplace: OSHA and the CDC

584

(6)

American Dental Association v. Martin, 984 F.2d 823 (7th Cir. 1993), cert, denied, 510 U.S. 859 (1993)

585

(5)

Note

590

(1)

Mandatory Testing

590

(3)

Kressler v. Four Winds Hospital, 2002 WL 1300057 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (not reported in F. Supp.)

590

(2)

Notes

592

(1)

Confidentiality

593

(5)

In re Application of the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 634 A.2d 159 (Pa. 1993)

594

(3)

Notes

597

(1)

Informed Consent, Practice Limits, and The ``Direct Threat'' Defense

598

(15)

Scoles v. Mercy Health Corp., 887 F. Supp. 765 (E.D. Pa. 1994)

599

(5)

Note

604

(1)

Mauro v. Borgess Medical Center, 137 F.3d 398 (6th Cir. 1998), cert, denied, 525 U.S. 815 (1998)

604

(8)

Notes

612

(1)

The Reactions of Patients to Health Care Workers with AIDS

613

(12)

Kerins v. Hartley, 27 Cal.App.4th 1062 (Cal.App.2.Dist., 1994)

613

(9)

Notes

622

(3)

Limitations on Disclosure

625

(70)

Disclosure by a Third Party

625

(28)

Doe v. Borough of Barrington, 729 F. Supp. 376 (D.N.J. 1990)

626

(6)

Notes

632

(1)

Harris v. Thigpen, 941 F.2d 1495 (11th Cir. 1991)

633

(6)

Notes

639

(2)

Doe v. City of New York, 15 F.3d 264 (2d Cir. 1994)

641

(2)

Notes

643

(1)

Doe v. Delie, 257 F.3d 309 (3d Cir. 2001)

643

(9)

Notes

652

(1)

HIV Confidentiality Statutes

653

(9)

Doe v. Marselle, 675 A.2d 835 (Conn. 1996)

656

(4)

Notes

660

(1)

N.O.L. v. District of Columbia, 674 A.2d 498 (D.C. App. 1995)

661

(1)

Notes

662

(1)

Physicians' Liability to Third Parties

662

(10)

Reisner v. Regents of the University of California, 37 Cal.Rptr.2d 518 (Cal. Ct. App. 1995)

663

(3)

Notes

666

(1)

Lemon v. Stewart, 682 A.2d 1177 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1996)

667

(5)

Notes

672

(1)

Discovery

672

(23)

Watson v. Lowcountry Red Cross, 974 F.2d 482 (4th Cir. 1992)

673

(4)

Note

677

(1)

Doe v. Puget Sound Blood Center, 819 P.2d 370 (Wash. 1991)

678

(5)

Notes

683

(1)

South Florida Blood Service, Inc. v. Rasmussen, 467 So.2d 798 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1985)

683

(6)

Notes

689

(1)

Roth v. New York Blood Center, Inc., 596 N.Y.S.2d 639 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1993)

689

(5)

Note

694

(1)

AIDS and the Family

695

(26)

Custody and Visitation

695

(6)

Stewart v. Stewart, 521 N.E.2d 956 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988)

695

(2)

Steven L. v. Dawn J., 561 N.Y.S.2d 322 (Fam. Ct. 1990)

697

(3)

Notes

700

(1)

Foster Families

701

(9)

In re Interest of John T., 538 N.W.2d 761 (Neb. Ct. App. 1995)

701

(8)

Notes

709

(1)

Access to Child Care

710

(11)

United States v. Happy Time Day Care Center, 6 F. Supp. 2d 1073 (W.D. Wis. 1998)

711

(8)

Notes

719

(2)

Discrimination in Employment, Housing, and Education

721

(88)

Doe v. County of Centre, Pennsylvania, 242 F.3d 437 (3d Cir. 2001)

721

(9)

Employment

730

(23)

``Otherwise Qualified'' and ``Reasonable Accommodation''

731

(1)

Chalk v. United States District Court, Central District of California, 840 F.2d 701 (9th Cir. 1988)

732

(5)

Notes

737

(3)

Discriminatory Discharge

740

(1)

Raintree Health Care Center v. Human Rights Commission, 655 N.E.2d 944 (Ill. App. Ct. 1995)

740

(4)

Notes

744

(1)

Hostile Work Environment: Disability-based Workplace Harassment

745

(1)

Flowers v. Southern Regional Physician Services, Inc., 247 F.3d 229 (5th Cir. 2001)

745

(6)

Notes

751

(2)

Housing Discrimination

753

(32)

Support Ministries for Persons with AIDS, Inc. v. Village of Waterford, 808 F. Supp. 120 (N.D. N.Y. 1992)

754

(7)

Notes

761

(1)

Hill v. Community of Damien of Molokai, 911 P.2d 861 (N.M. 1996)

762

(10)

Notes

772

(1)

Giebeler v. M & B Associates, 343 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir. 2003)

772

(8)

East 97th Street Corp. v. New York City Commission on Human Rights, 642 N.Y.S.2d 638 (N.Y. App. Div. 1996)

780

(4)

Notes

784

(1)

Education and School Children

785

(24)

Ray v. School District of DeSoto County, 666 F. Supp. 1524 (M.D. Fla. 1987)

786

(6)

Notes

792

(2)

Doe v. Dolton Elementary School Dist. No. 148, 694 F.Supp. 440 (N.D. Ill. 1988)

794

(8)

Notes

802

(1)

Doe v. Washington University, 780 F.Supp. 628 (E.D.Mo. 1991)

802

(7)

Criminal Law

809

(50)

AIDS as a Weapon

809

(11)

Weeks v. Scott, 55 F.3d 1059 (5th Cir. 1995)

809

(4)

Notes

813

(1)

Smallwood v. State, 680 A.2d 512 (Md. 1996)

814

(5)

Notes

819

(1)

Sentencing

820

(3)

State v. Ferguson, 15 P.3d 1271 (Wash. 2001)

820

(3)

Notes

823

(1)

Compulsory Testing

823

(28)

United States v. Ward, 131 F.3d 335 (11th Cir. 1997)

823

(5)

Notes

828

(2)

State Compulsory Testing Laws

830

(1)

Adams v. State, 498 S.E.2d 268 (Ga. 1998)

831

(4)

Notes

835

(1)

In the Matter of JUVENILES A, B, C, D, E, 847 P.2d 455 (Wash. 1993)

836

(11)

Notes

847

(4)

Part III Discrimination Against Pregnant Women

Introduction

851

(1)

Approaches to Addressing Pregnancy Discrimination: Uniqueness or Sameness?

851

(2)

International Policy

853

(3)

China

853

(1)

Major Industrialized Nations

854

(1)

Sweden

854

(1)

Canada

855

(1)

Japan

855

(1)

Mexico

856

(1)

United Nations

856

(1)

United States Policy

856

(3)

Notes

856

(3)

Pregnancy and Employment Discrimination

859

(62)

Gilbert, Aiello and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act

859

(43)

General Electric Co. v. Gilbert, 429 U.S. 125 (1976)

859

(3)

Note

862

(1)

Pregnancy Discrimination Act---42 U.S.C. § 2000e(k)

862

(1)

Notes

862

(1)

California Federal Savings and Loan Ass'n v. Guerra, 479 U.S. 272 (1987)

863

(4)

Notes

867

(2)

Bona Fide Occupational Qualification

869

(1)

United Auto. Workers of Am. v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 499 U.S. 187 (1991)

869

(7)

Notes

876

(1)

Intentional Discrimination and Disparate Treatment

876

(1)

EEOC v. Ackerman, Hood & McQueen, 956 F.2d 944 (10th Cir. 1992)

876

(3)

``Similarly Situated''

879

(1)

Ensley-Gaines v. Runyon, 100 F.3d 1220 (6th Cir. 1996)

879

(6)

Urbano v. Continental Airlines, Inc., 138 F.3d 204 (5th Cir. 1998)

885

(3)

Notes

888

(1)

Laxton v. Gap Inc., 333 F.3d 572 (5th Cir. 2003)

889

(6)

Notes

895

(1)

Spivey v. Beverly Enterprises, Inc., 196 F.3d 1309 (11th Cir. 1999)

896

(1)

Stout v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 282 F.3d 856 (5th Cir. 2002)

897

(3)

Notes

900

(1)

Notes on the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

901

(1)

Scope of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act: ``New Mom'' Issues, Breast Feeding, Fertility Treatments, and Contraception

902

(19)

Piantanida v. Wyman Center, Inc., 116 F.3d 340 (8th Cir. 1997)

902

(2)

Notes

904

(2)

Saks v. Franklin Covey Co., 316 F.3d 337 (2d Cir. 2003)

906

(7)

Note

913

(1)

Contraception

913

(1)

Erickson v. Bartell Drug Co., 141 F.Supp. 2d 1266 (W.D. Wash. 2001)

913

(5)

Notes

918

(3)

Index

921

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