The Shadow War Against Hitler

During One of His Famous Fireside Chats in 1940, President Franklin Roosevelt identified a new type of war-a shadow war-being perpetrated by Hitler's Germany. FDR decided to fight fire with fire, authorizing the formation of the Office of Strategic Services to organize and oversee covert operations. Based on an extensive analysis of OSS records, including the vast trove released by the CIA in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as a new set of interviews with OSS veterans, The Shadow War Against Hitler is the full story of America's far-flung secret intelligence apparatus during World War II.

Christof Mauch is director of the German Historical Institute in Washington, D.C., and professor of modern history at the Angloamerican Institute of Cologne University

Acknowledgments

xi

Introduction

1

(8)

I. THE SETTING

9

(10)

Historical Perspectives

9

(3)

The Place of the OSS in American History

Within the Secret Intelligence Service

12

(7)

Anatomy of the OSS

II. DONOVAN ON THE OFFENSIVE AND AMERICA'S PATH TO WAR

19

(44)

The Fifth Column as a Danger

19

(7)

William J. Donovan's lessons for America

On the Eve of Confrontation

26

(8)

William J. Donovan as Director of Intelligence and the origins of the COI

The peace feeler of Federico Stallforth

Pearl Harbor

The COI and the New "World Pattern"

34

(9)

Germany's Military and Economic Capabilities in the COI's calculations, 1941

Assessing the Situation in the East

Between Opinion Research and Counterespionage

43

(5)

The Foreign Nationalities Branch and the Role of German Émigrés

German-Americans, Exile, and Propaganda

Excursus: Franklin D. Roosevelt, John Franklin Carter and Ernst "Putzi" Hanfstaengl

48

(9)

The Secret Carter Organization

The "S"-Project: Hanfstaengl in the Service of American Secret Intelligence

Analyses of Germany and Propaganda Plans

The End of the "S"-Project

The COI in Crisis and the Creation of the OSS

57

(6)

III. 1943: THE TURNING POINT

63

(44)

Strategies and Discourses

63

(10)

State Department Versus OSS: Initial Speculation About the German Collapse, 1942

The Discussion About Strategic Priorities, 1943

Lessons from Moscow and the OSS' Answer

73

(12)

The National Committee for a Free Germany and the Beginnings of the Crisis Between the Allies

Secret Intelligence Initiatives for Mobilizing German Émigrés

Germany and the Germans

85

(8)

The Mood of the Germans as Assessed by the OSS

A German Parallel: 1918 and 1943

Ideology and Economy in the Bombing War

93

(14)

Theories and Experiences

The Enemy Objectives Unit (EOU)

From Casablanca to POINTBLANK

Tensions with the British and the Philosophy of the EOU

IV. BERN: THE BIG WINDOW ONTO THE FASCIST WORLD

107

(28)

Allen Dulles and the Establishment of the OSS Outpost in Bern

107

(28)

Psychological and Military Warfare

Opportunists and Conspirators

The German V Weapons and the Attack on Peenemunde

The Wood Story

V. MEDIA WAR AND BLACK PROPAGANDA

135

(28)

The Difficult Beginnings of the OSS Morale Operations

135

(3)

From the Hamilton Plan to Operation Sauerkraut

138

(5)

Blankenhorn's Soldiers Councils Project and the "Neues Deutschland" Underground Movement

143

(6)

OSS Radio War: Joker and Matchbox

149

(2)

Operation Musac: American Pop Music in the War Against Hitler

151

(12)

VI. PENETRATION OF GERMANY

163

(22)

Conceptions

163

(6)

The Infiltration of Agents Into Germany in the British Calculation

American Secret Intelligence Plans for Operations in the German Reich

The Post-Invasion Syndrome and the Significance of the OSS Labor Division for Operations in Germany

Excursus

169

(6)

Paul Hagen, the Origins of the OSS Labor Division, and the Trade Union Contacts of British Intelligence

Goldberg's 'Philosophy of the Underground' and the FAUST Plan

Operations

175

(10)

"Special Operations": Foreign Workers and CALPO Communists as "Trojan Horses"

Infiltrating SI Agents Into the Reich

VII. GÖTTERDÄMMERUNG: BETWEEN WAR AND PEACE

185

(26)

Phantom Stronghold in the Alps: The Redoubt as an Idée Fixe?

185

(12)

Defense of the Alps and the Ideological Phantom of the "Nazi Underground"

The Redoubt in the Calculation of the OSS

The Alpine Fortress from the Perspective of British Intelligence

The "Redoubt Psychosis" of the Americans and the Perspective of Gauleiter Hofer

Eisenhower, Marshall, Roosevelt

Last-minute Putsch

197

(8)

The Munich "Pheasant Hunt" and American intelligence

The Peace Feelers of Ritter von Epp

The Munich Putsch of April 28

Operation Capricorn: Simulated Resistance Under the Sign of Zodiac

Good and Bad Germans

205

(6)

Allen Dulles as Promoter of Postwar German Politicians

VIII. THE DREAM OF THE MIRACLE WAR, THE LEGACY OF THE OSS

211

(10)

The End of the OSS and the Origins of the Myth

211

(2)

Outline of the Shadow War: A Summary

213

(4)

The Legacy of the OSS

217

(4)

Notes

221

(86)

Bibliography

307

(18)

Index

325

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Author Biography

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