A Short Course in Grammar

Recognizing that the goal of the grammar course is to improve students'grasp of American English grammar, and not to make students intolinguists, Paul Hopper has written a streamlined, concise textbook. Heavoids getting caught up in details that are interesting to linguistsbut confusing to students, keeping his steady focus on presentingmaterial as briefly and as clearly as possible.

Preface

xi

The English Language: Preliminary Concepts

3

(21)

A World Language

3

(1)

The Historical Background

3

(3)

A Complex Language

6

(4)

Written Language

10

(5)

``Grammar''

15

(2)

Conclusion: Convention and Change

17

(2)

Exercises

19

(5)

Words

24

(14)

Parts of Speech

24

(1)

The Meanings of Categories

24

(1)

The Categories

25

(1)

Nouns and Pronouns

26

(1)

Verbs and Auxiliaries

27

(2)

Adjectives

29

(1)

Adverbs

30

(1)

Prepositions

31

(2)

Determiners

33

(1)

Conjunctions (Subordinators and Coordinators)

34

(1)

Summary

35

(1)

Exercises

36

(2)

Phrases

38

(17)

Phrases

38

(1)

The Notion of ``Phrase'' in Grammar

38

(1)

The Analysis of Declarative Statements

39

(1)

Diagramming: Some Introductory Concepts

40

(2)

Summary

42

(1)

Form-Function Diagrams

43

(4)

The Triangle Convention for Abbreviating a Tree

47

(1)

The Notion of ``Head of a Phrase''

48

(2)

Some Important Terms

50

(1)

Exercises

51

(2)

Appendix: Some Tips on Drawing Form-Function Diagrams

53

(2)

Sentences and Their Parts

55

(11)

Sentence Types

55

(1)

Sentences

55

(1)

The Classification of Sentence Types

55

(7)

Ellipsis

62

(1)

Diagramming Sentences

62

(1)

Exercises

63

(3)

Objects and Adjuncts

66

(26)

Elements of the Predicate

66

(1)

Elements That Precede the Core Sentence

66

(4)

Phrases That Follow the Core Sentence

70

(3)

Objects

73

(9)

A Formal Definition of the Term ``Phrase''

82

(1)

Subject Complements

83

(2)

Sentence Patterns

85

(1)

Exercises

86

(6)

The Verb Phrase

92

(22)

The Verb Phrase

92

(1)

Forms of the Verb

92

(4)

Tense and Aspect

96

(5)

Modality

101

(3)

The Operator

104

(2)

Verb-Auxiliary Homophony

106

(1)

Problematical Verb Forms

106

(1)

Other Aspects and Modalities

107

(3)

Exercises

110

(2)

Appendix: Diagramming the Verb Phrase

112

(2)

Prepositional Phrases and Adverbials

114

(21)

Prepositions and Adverbs

114

(1)

Prepositional Phrases

115

(1)

Forms and Functions of Prepositional Phrases

115

(6)

Prepositions in Phrasal Verbs

121

(5)

Prepositional Verbs

126

(2)

Adverbials inside the Core Sentence

128

(3)

A Survey of Basic Sentence Patterns

131

(1)

Exercises

131

(4)

The Noun Phrase I: Pronouns, Nouns, and Determiners

135

(23)

Noun Phrases

135

(1)

Pronouns

135

(6)

Special Pronouns

141

(2)

Demonstrative Pronouns

143

(1)

The Impersonal Pronoun one

143

(1)

Nouns

144

(6)

Determiners

150

(4)

Exercises

154

(4)

The Noun Phrase II: Modifiers of the Head Noun

158

(18)

Elaborations of the Noun Phrase

158

(1)

Compound Nouns

158

(3)

Possessive Nouns

161

(1)

Adjectival Phrases

162

(8)

Prepositional Phrases as Modifiers

170

(1)

Nominalizations (Infinitives and Gerunds)

171

(2)

Exercises

173

(3)

Negation

176

(9)

Negative Sentences

176

(1)

Negation in the Verb Phrase

176

(3)

Negation Elsewhere in the Sentence

179

(4)

Exercises

183

(2)

The Passive

185

(12)

A Review of the Auxiliaries

185

(1)

The Forms of the Passive

186

(4)

The Agentless Passive

190

(1)

The Passive of the Prepositional Verb

191

(1)

Functions of the Passive in Discourse

192

(2)

Exercises

194

(3)

Coordination

197

(15)

Introduction

197

(1)

The Coordination of Full Sentences

198

(1)

The Coordination of Other Phrases

199

(7)

Disjunction

206

(3)

Exercises

209

(3)

Subordination: Relative Clauses

212

(16)

An Introduction to Complex Sentences

212

(1)

Relative Clauses as Modifiers

213

(2)

The wh-Word Relative Pronouns

215

(1)

Case in the Relative Clause

215

(2)

Relative Clauses Based on Prepositional Complements

217

(4)

Some General Pointers on Diagramming Relative Clauses

221

(1)

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses

221

(2)

Zero Relative Pronoun

223

(1)

Elliptical Relative Clauses

224

(1)

Other Relative Pronouns

224

(1)

Exercises

225

(3)

Subordination: Noun Clauses I

228

(14)

An Introduction to Noun Clauses

228

(1)

Noun Clauses and Subordinators

229

(4)

Grammatical Functions of the Noun Clause

233

(2)

Noun Clauses as Complements of Prepositions

235

(5)

Exercises

240

(2)

Subordination: Noun Clauses II

242

(14)

Noun Clauses, Part II

242

(1)

Indirect Statements and Indirect Questions

242

(4)

Noun Clauses as Adjectival Complements

246

(1)

Noun Clauses as Subject Complements

247

(1)

Noun Clauses as Appositions

247

(2)

Nonfinite Noun Clauses

249

(4)

Exercises

253

(3)

Subordination: Adverbial Clauses

256

(14)

Pre- and Postcore Clauses

256

(1)

Subordinators in Adverbial Clauses

257

(1)

Adverbial Clauses as Noncore Adverbials

258

(2)

Finite Adverbial Clauses

260

(5)

Nonfinite Adverbial Clauses

265

(2)

Exercises

267

(3)

Grammar and Discourse

270

(13)

Grammar and Discourse

270

(1)

Balancing Information

271

(2)

New and Old Information in the English Sentence

273

(6)

Pre- and Postcore Adverbial Phrases

279

(1)

Conclusion: Grammar as Control and Opportunity

280

(1)

Exercises

280

(3)

Terms and Abbreviations Used in Form-Function Diagrams

283

(2)

Index

285

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A Short Course in Grammar

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials