Signal Processing for Mobile Communications Handbook

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ISBN: 9780849316579 | 084931657X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/16/2004

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In recent years, a wealth of research has emerged addressing various aspects of mobile communications signal processing. New applications and services are continually arising, and future mobile communications offer new opportunities and exciting challenges for signal processing.The Signal Processing for Mobile Communications Handbook provides a comprehensive survey of signal processing techniques used in mobile communications that concern the transmitter, the receiver, and the propagation channel. Distinguished contributors discuss a spectrum of topics, including 4-G mobile communication challenges, adaptive coded modulation, channel modeling, estimation and identification, diversity combining and adaptive equalization, multi-user detection, DSP for OFDM, synchronization, and more. Emerging techniques such as neural networks, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, time-frequency analysis, and Chaos are also explored.Presented in a tutorial format with hundreds of figures and tables, this handbook makes signal processing as applied to digital communications accessible for all professionals, researchers, and students involved in mobile communications.

Part I: Introduction

Signal Processing for Future Mobile Communications Systems: Challenges and Perspectives

(1)

Quazi Mehbubar Rahman

Mohamed Ibnkahla

Introduction

(1)

Channel Characterizations

(11)

Large-Scale Propagation Models

Small-Scale Propagation Models

Modulation Techniques

(7)

Modulation Schemes: The Classification

Different Modulation Schemes

Coding Techniques

(9)

Shannon's Capacity Theorem

Different Coding Schemes

Coding in Next-Generation Mobile Communications: Some Research Evidence and Challenges

Multiple Access Techniques

(6)

Fundamental Multiple-Access Schemes

Combination of OFDM and CDMA Systems

OFDM/TDMA

Capacity of MAC Methods

Challenges in the MAC Schemes

Diversity Technique

(3)

Classifications of the Diversity Techniques

Classifications of Diversity Combiners

Diversity for Next-Generation Systems: Some Research Evidence

Challenges in the Diversity Area

Conclusions

Part II: Channel Modeling and Estimation

Multipath Propagation Models for Broadband Wireless Systems

(1)

Andreas F. Molisch

Fredrik Tufvesson

Introduction

Narrowband, Wideband, and Directional Channel Modeling

Modeling Methods for Multipath Channels

Propagation Aspects and Parameterization

Standard Models

Conclusions

Modeling and Estimation of Mobile Channels

Jitendra K. Tugnait

Introduction

(2)

Channel Models

(5)

Time-Variant Channels

Time-Invariant Channels

Channel Estimation

(14)

Training-Based Channel Estimation

Blind Channel Estimation

Semiblind Approaches

Hidden Pilot-Based Approaches

Simulation Examples

(3)

Example 1

Example 2

Conclusions

Mobile Satellite Channels: Statistical Models and Performance Analysis

(1)

Giovanni E. Corazza

Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli

Raffaella Pedone

Massimo Neri

Introduction

(1)

Statistical Propagation Models

(18)

Narrowband Statistical Models

Wideband Statistical Models

Detection Performance Analysis

(11)

Uncoded Transmission over LMS Channels

Coded Transmission over LMS Channels

Conclusions

Mobile Velocity Estimation for Wireless Communications

(1)

Bouchra Senadji

Ghazem Azemi

Boualem Boashash

Introduction

(3)

Importance of Velocity Estimation

Existing Velocity Estimators

Structure of the Chapter

Received Signal Model and Statistics

(4)

Received Signal Model

Multipath Component Model

The Scattering Distribution

Statistics of the Multipath Fading

Principles of Mobile Velocity Estimation

(3)

Examples of Derivations of the Velocity

Examples of Velocity Estimators

Performance Analysis of Velocity Estimators

(5)

Effect of Shadowing

Effect of AWGN and Nonisotropic Scattering

Performance Analysis Using Simulations

(4)

Simulations of the Received Signal

Simulation Results

Rice Factor Estimation

(4)

Existing Methods

Envelope-Based Estimators

Simulation Results

Application on Handover Performance

(3)

Handover Decision Algorithms

Effect of an Error in Velocity Estimation on the System's Quality of Service

Conclusions and Perspectives

Part III: Modulation Techniques for Wireless Communications

Adaptive Coded Modulation for Transmission over Fading Channels

(1)

Dennis L. Goeckel

Introduction

(2)

Adaptive System Model

(4)

Model for a Wireless Link

Adaptation in Response to Path Loss/Shadowing

Analytic Model for Fine-Scale Adaptation

Adaptivity in Single-Input Single-Output Systems

(6)

Information Theoretic Bounds

Design for Uncoded Systems

Coded Modulation Structures

Designing with a Given Coded Modulation Structure

Adaptivity in Multiantenna Systems

(2)

Information Theoretic Considerations

Adaptive Coded Modulation for MIMO Systems

Conclusions

Signaling Constellations for Transmission over Nonlinear Channels

(1)

Hisham Abdul Hussein Al-Asady

Quazi M. Rahman

Mohamed Ibnkahla

Introduction

(1)

System Model

(1)

Craig's Method

(1)

Probability of Symbol Error for 16-ary QAM Format

(15)

The (8,8) Constellation Format

The (4,12) Constellation Format

The (5,11) Constellation Format

The (6,10) Constellation Format

16-Rectangular Constellations with a Circular Format

The Effect of Nonlinearity and the Application of a Predistortion Technique

Total Degradation

Results and Discussions

Probability of Symbol Error for the Circular 32-ary QAM Format

(10)

The (4,11,17) Constellation Format

The (5,11,16) Constellation Format

32-Rectangular Constellations with a Circular Format

The Effect of Nonlinearity and the Application of a Predistortion Technique

Results and Discussions

Conclusions

Carrier Frequency Synchronization for OFDM Systems

(1)

Mounir Ghogho

Ananthram Swami

Introduction

(1)

Basics of OFDM

(4)

OFDM Modulation

Demodulation

Effect of CFO on System Performance

(1)

Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation

(1)

Repetitive Slots-Based CFO Estimation

(2)

Nonlinear Least Squares Method

Computationally Simpler Estimators

Null-Subcarrier-Based CFO Estimation

(3)

Deterministic Maximum Likelihood Estimation

Special Case: Repetition of Identical Slots

Identifiability

(2)

Performance Analysis

(2)

The Conditional CRB

The Unconditional CRB: Rayleigh Channel

Optimal Choice of Null-Subcarriers

Simulation Results

(2)

Conclusions

Filter-Bank Modulation Techniques for Transmission over Frequency-Selective Channels

(1)

Giovanni Cherubini

Introduction

(2)

Critically Sampled Filter Banks

(5)

Orthogonality Conditions

Efficient Implementation

Example of Critically-Sampled Filter Bank

Discrete Multitone Modulation

(2)

O-QAM OFDM Modulation

(5)

Discrete Wavelet Multitone Modulation

(1)

Filtered Multitone Modulation

(10)

Filter-bank Design

Per-Subchannel Adaptive Equalization and Precoding

Conclusion

Part IV: Multiple Access Techniques

Spread-Spectrum Techniques for Mobile Communications

(1)

Filippo Giannetti

Marco Luise

A Brief History of Wireless Communications

(2)

The Wireless Revolution

2G and 3G Cellular Systems

DSP Components for Wireless Communications

Fundamentals of Digital Spread-Spectrum Signaling

(6)

Narrowband

Spread-Spectrum

Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum

Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum

DS/SS Signal Model

Real Spreading

Complex Spreading

DS/SS Bandwidth Occupancy

Spreading Factor

Short Code

Long Code

Processing Gain

Pseudorandom Sequence Generators

Basic Architecture of a DS/SS Modem

Code-Division Multiple Access

(4)

Frequency-, Time-, and Code-Division Multiplexing

Multirate Code-Division Multiplexing

Multiple Access Interference

Capacity of a CDMA System

Cellular Networks and the Universal Frequency Reuse

A Review of 2G and 3G Standards for CDMA Mobile Communications

(4)

IS-95

UMTS/UTRA

cdma2000

Synchronization for Spread-Spectrum and CDMA Signals

(3)

Synchronization Functions

Code Synchronization

Carrier Frequency and Phase Synchronization

Architecture of DSP-Based DS/SS and CDMA Receivers for Wireless Mobile Communications

(3)

IF vs. Baseband Sampling

Correlation Receiver

Rake Receiver

Multiuser Detection

(3)

Multiuser Detection in the UL

The Decorrelating and MMSE Detectors

Perspectives and Conclusions

The Challenge to Mobile Spread-Spectrum Communications

4G Wireless Communications Systems

Concluding Remarks

Multiuser Detection for Fading Channels

(1)

Stefano Buzzi

Introduction

(1)

Signal and Channel Model

(4)

The Fading Channel Model

Transmitted Signal Model

Continuous-Time Received Signal Model

Multiuser Detection with Known CSI

(19)

Conventional Single-User Detection

Optimum Multiuser Detection

Linear Multiuser Detection

Approximate MMSE Detection: Linear Serial Interference Cancellation

Constrained ML Detection: Nonlinear Serial Interference Cancellation

Performance Results

Some Numerical Results

Sliding-Window One-Shot Multiuser Receivers

Multiuser Detection with Unknown CSI

(13)

Signal Representation in Unknown CSI

Available Strategies to Cope with Missing CSI

Channel Estimation Based on the Least Squares Criterion

Trained Adaptive Code-Aided Symbol Detection

Code-Aided Joint Blind Multiuser Detection and Equalization

Subspace-Based Blind MMSE Detection

Minimum Variance Blind Detection

Two-Stage Blind Detection

Performance Results

Conclusions

Part V: MIMO Systems

Principles of MIMO-OFDM Wireless Systems

(1)

Helmut Bolcskei

Introduction

(1)

The Broadband MIMO Fading Channel

(2)

Basic Assumptions

Array Geometry

Fading Statistics

Ricean Component

Comments on the Channel Model

Capacity of Broadband MIMO-OFDM Systems

(5)

MIMO-OFDM

Capacity of MIMO-OFDM Spatial Multiplexing Systems

Impact of Propagation Parameters on Capacity

Numerical Results

Space--Frequency Coded MIMO-OFDM

(5)

Space-Frequency Coding

Error Rate Performance

Maximum Diversity Order and Coding Gain

Impact of Propagation Parameters on Space--Frequency Codes

Impact of Propagation Parameters

Simulation Results

Space--Time Coding and Signal Processing for Broadband Wireless Communications

(1)

Naofal Al-Dhahir

Introduction

(2)

Broadband Wireless Channel Model

(2)

Information-Theoretic Considerations

(2)

Shannon Capacity of Fading ISI Channels

Diversity Order

Design Criteria for Space--Time Codes over Flat-Fading Channels

Signal Transmission Issues

(16)

Transmitter Techniques

Receiver Techniques

Summary and Future Challenges

Linear Precoding for MIMO Systems

(1)

Anna Scaglione

Atul Salhotra

Azadeh Vosoughi

Introduction

(2)

System Model

Optimum Precoding

(7)

Jointly Optimum Design and Performance Bounds

Performance Analysis and Random Matrices

(9)

Differential Forms and Random Matrix Techniques

The Statistics of the Capacity

Channel Estimation for MIMO Systems Using Precoding Techniques

(5)

Channel Estimation Algorithm

Cramer-Rao Lower Bound

Numerical Results

Conclusions

Performance Analysis of Multiple Antenna Systems

(1)

Ming Kang

Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Introduction

(1)

MIMO Systems without Co-Channel Interference

(16)

System Model and Problem Statement

MIMO Channel Capacity without Channel State Information at the Transmitter

Capacity/Outage Probability of MIMO MRC (Beam-Forming) Systems with Perfect Channel State Information at the Transmitter

Water-Filling Capacity and Beam Forming Performance of Correlated MIMO Rayleigh Channels with Covariance Feedback

MIMO Systems in the Presence of Co-Channel Interference

Problem Statement

Capacity CCDF of MIMO Optimum Combining Scheme with Perfect CSI at Transmitter

Statistics of the MIMO Capacity with Co-Channel Interference and without Feedback

Rician/Rayleigh Fading Scenarios in an Interference-Limited Environment

Part VI: Equalization and Receiver Design

Equalization Techniques for Fading Channels

(1)

Geert Leus

Marc Moonen

Introduction

(1)

Wireless Channel Model

(4)

TIV Channels

TV Channels

System Model

(1)

TIV Channels

TV Channels

Block Equalization

(3)

Block Linear Equalization

Block Decision Feedback Equalization

Serial Linear Equalization

(4)

TIV Channels

TV Channels

Equalizer Design

Serial Decision Feedback Equalization

(3)

TIV Channels

TV Channels

Equalizer Design

Frequency-Domain Equalization for TIV Channels

(4)

FD Linear Equalization

FD Decision Feedback Equalization

Existence of Zero-Forcing Solution

(1)

Linear Equalizers

Decision Feedback Equalizers

Complexity

(1)

Design Complexity

Implementation Complexity

Channel Estimation and Direct Equalizer Design

(1)

Performance Results

(3)

TIV Channels

TV Channels

Summary

Low-Complexity Diversity Combining Schemes for Mobile Communications

(1)

Hong-Chuan Yang

Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Introduction

(1)

System and Channel Models

(1)

System Model

Channel Model

Dual-Branch Switch and Stay Combining

(10)

Dual-Branch SSC Schemes

Markov Chain-Based Analysis

Statistics of Overall Combiner Output

Application to Performance Analysis and Comparisons

Multibranch Switched Diversity

(6)

L-Branch SSC

L-Branch SEC

Generalized Switch and Examine Combining (GSEC)

(8)

Mode of Operation of GSEC

MGF of Combiner Output

Application to Performance Analysis

Complexity Savings over GSC

Further Remarks

Overview of Equalization Techniques for MIMO Fading Channels

(1)

Noura Sellami

Inbar Fijalkow

Mohamed Siala

Introduction

(1)

Frequency-Selective MIMO Channel Model

(2)

General Framework

Simulation Framework

Block Linear and Decision-Feedback Equalizers

(4)

Block Linear Equalizers

Block Decision-Feedback Equalizers

List-Type Equalizers

(4)

The Single Antenna Case

Generalization to the MIMO Case

Simulation Results

The Multidimensional Whitened Matched Filter

(5)

Whitened Matched Filter

Prefiltered List-Type MAP Equalizer

WMF Implementation Using Linear Prediction

Energy Concentration

Simulation Results

The Block Equalizers vs. the Prefiltered List-Type MAP

(2)

Complexity Comparison

Performance Comparison

Conclusion

Neural Networks for Transmission over Nonlinear Channels

(1)

Mohamed Ibnkahla

Jun Yuan

Rober Boutros

Introduction

(3)

Identification of Memoryless Nonlinear Amplifiers

(11)

Natural Gradient Learning

Influence of the HPA Modeling Error on the Symbol-Error-Rate Performance

Application to Adaptive Predistortion

Modeling and Identification of Nonlinear Channels with Memory

(6)

Neural Network Channel Identification

Learning Algorithm

Application to MLSE Receiver Design

Simulation Examples

Channel Equalization

(3)

Neural Network Structure

BP Algorithm

NG Algorithm

Simulation Examples

Conclusion

Part VII: Voice over IP

Voice over IP and Wireless: Principles and Challenges

(1)

Fernando Diaz-de-Maria

Ascension Gallardo-Antolin

Carmen Pelaez-Moreno

Introduction

(1)

Speech Coding for IP and Wireless: Principles

(5)

Some Preliminary Notions

Speech Coding Basics

Speech Coding for IP and Wireless

Voice over IP

(4)

An Overview

Technological Barriers

Quality of Service

Standard Speech Coders for VoIP

Packet loss Recovery Techniques

Other Packet-Based Alternatives for Voice Transport: Trends

Voice over Wireless

(4)

Wireless Voice Communications Systems

Fundamental Issues in Speech Coding for Wireless

Standard Speech Coders for Wireless

Some Trends

Voice over IP over Wireless

(1)

Voice-Enabled Services over IP and Wireless

(5)

Introduction

Technologies for Voice-Enabled Interfaces

Architectures for Automatic Speech Recognition over Communication Networks

ASR over IP

ASR over Wireless

Conclusions and Challenges

Part VIII: Wireless Geolocation Techniques

Geolocation Techniques for Mobile Radio Systems

(1)

James J. Caffery, Jr.

Saipradeep Venkatraman

Introduction

(2)

FCC Regulations for E-911

Location-Based Services (LBS)

Geolocation Methods

(2)

Geolocation Algorithms

(7)

Geometric Solutions

Least Squares Estimation

Other Location Algorithms

Hybrid Location Methods

Performance

Location Parameter Estimation

(2)

AOA Estimation

Range Estimation

Range Difference Estimation

Joint Parameter Estimation

Impairments to Accuracy

(3)

Multipath Propagation

Hearability

Non-Line-of-Sight Propagation

Provisions in the Standards

(1)

3G Location Solutions

Locating Legacy Terminals

Summary

Adaptive Arrays for GPS Receivers

(1)

Moeness Amin

Wei Sun

Alan Lindsey

Introduction

(4)

GPS Signal Model

(1)

Interference Suppression Techniques in GPS

(13)

Broadband Interference Suppression Using Space-Time Array

Narrowband FM Interference Suppression Using Time-Frequency Method

A Self-Coherence Antijamming GPS Receiver

Multipath Mitigation in GPS

(5)

Bias Due to Signal Multipath

Single-Antenna Multipath Mitigation Techniques

Time-Delay and Carrier-Phase Estimation Using Antenna Array

Conclusions

Part IX: Power Control and Wireless Networking

Transmitter Power Control in Wireless Networking: Basic Principles and Core Algorithms

(1)

Nicholas Bambos

Savvas Gitzenis

Introduction

(2)

Power Control for Streamed Continuous Traffic

(12)

The Target SIR Formulation of the Power Control Problem

Autonomous Distributed Power Control

DPC with Active Link Protection

Admission Control under DPC/ALP

Noninvasive Channel Probing and Selection

Power Control for Packetized Data Traffic

(5)

Power-Controlled Multiple Access: The Basic Model

Optimally Emptying the Transmitter Buffer

The Case of Per-Slot-Independent Interference

Structural Properties: Backlog Pressure and Phased Back-Off

Design of PCMA Algorithms: Responsive Interference

Final Remarks

Signal Processing for Multiaccess Communication Networks

(1)

Qing Zhao

Lang Tong

Introduction

(1)

MPR at the Physical Layer

(6)

The Model

Assumptions and Properties

The Training-Based Zero-Forcing Receiver

The Semiblind Least Squares Smoothing Receiver

Further Remarks

The Interface between the Physical Layer and the MAC Layer: Resolvability

(3)

Channel Reception Matrix

Resolvability

From Resolvability Function to Reception Matrix

Further Remarks

Impact of MPR on the Performance of Existing MAC Protocols

(2)

Resolvability Comparison

Network Performance Comparison

Further Remarks

MAC Layer Design for Networks with MPR

(3)

The Network Model

The Multiqueue Service Room Protocol

The Dynamic Queue Protocol

Further Remarks

Approach High Performance from Both Physical and MAC Layers

(1)

Conclusion

Part X: Emerging Techniques and Applications

Time--Frequency Signal Processing for Wireless Communications

(1)

Boualem Boashash

A. Belouchrani

Karim Abed-Meraim

Nguyen Linh-Trung

Introduction

(1)

Time--Frequency Signal Processing Tools

(10)

Limitations of Traditional Signal Representations

Joint Time--Frequency Representations

Quadratic Time--Frequency Distributions

Spread-Spectrum Communications Systems Using TFSP

(9)

Channel Modeling and Identification

Interference Mitigation

Time--Frequency Array Signal Processing

(10)

The Spatial Time--Frequency Distributions

STFD Structure in Wireless Communications

Advantages of STFDs over Covariance Matrix

Selection of Autoterms and Cross-Terms in the Time--Frequency Domain

Time--Frequency Direction-of-Arrival Estimation

Time--Frequency Source Separation

Other TFSP Applications in Wireless Communications

(3)

Precoding for LTV Channels

Signaling Using Chirp Modulation

Detection of FM Signals in Rayleigh Fading

Mobile Velocity/Doppler Estimation Using Time--Frequency Processing

Conclusion

Monte Carlo Signal Processing for Digital Communications: Principles and Applications

(1)

Xiaodong Wang

Introduction

(1)

MCMC Methods

(8)

General MCMC Algorithms

Applications of MCMC in Digital Communications

Other Applications

SMC Methods

(12)

General SMC Algorithms

Resampling Procedures

Applications of SMC in Digital Communications

Concluding Remarks

Principles of Chaos Communications

(1)

Andreas Abel

Wolfgang Schwarz

What Is Chaos?

(8)

Nonlinear Dynamic Systems

Statistical Analysis of Chaotic Signals

Realization of Chaos Generators

Properties of Chaotic Signals

Communication: Requirements and Resources

(1)

Chaos in Communications

(1)

The Broadband Aspect

The Complexity Aspect

The Orthogonality Aspect

Communication Using Broadband Chaotic Carriers

(9)

Chaos-Based Transmitters

Receiver Design in Chaos Communications

Chaos for Spreading Code Generation

(1)

Chaotic vs. Classical Communications

The Analysis of Chaos Communication Schemes in AWGN

Chaos Communication Methods in Comparison to Classical Solutions

Adaptation Techniques and Enabling Parameter Estimation Algorithms for Wireless Communications Systems

(1)

Huseyin Arslan

Introduction

(1)

Overview of Adaptation Schemes

(3)

Link and Transmitter Adaptation

Adaptive System Resource Allocation

Receiver Adaptation

Parameter Measurements

(8)

Channel Selectivity Estimation

Channel Quality Measurements

Applications of Adaptive Algorithms: Case Studies

(6)

Examples for Adaptive Receiver Algorithms

Examples for Link Adaptation and Adaptive Resource Allocation

Future Research for Adaptation

(2)

Conclusion

Index

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Signal Processing for Mobile Communications Handbook

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials