Simon and Schuster Handbook for Writers

, by Lynn Quitman Troyka

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ISBN: 9780130797834 | 0130797839
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/1/1998

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Supplemental Materials

Preface to Instructors

xix

To Students

xxii

PART ONE: WRITING AN ESSAY

(156)

Thinking About Purposes and Audiences

(15)

Understanding the elements of writing

(1)

Understanding purposes for writing

(5)

Understanding audiences for writing

(4)

Understanding the effect of tone

(2)

Using sources for writing

(3)

Planning and Shaping

(29)

Understanding the writing process

(2)

Adjusting for each writing situation

(2)

Thinking a topic through for writing

(2)

Gathering ideas for writing

(1)

Keeping an idea book and a journal

(2)

Freewriting

(1)

Brainstorming

(1)

Using the journalist's questions

(1)

Mapping

(2)

Using incubation

(1)

Shaping ideas

(1)

Grouping ideas

(1)

Sequencing ideas for writing

(1)

Shaping writing by drafting a thesis statement

(4)

Knowing how to outline

(7)

Understanding collaborative writing

(2)

Drafting and Revising

(23)

Getting started

(2)

Knowing how to draft

(2)

Knowing how to revise

(5)

Knowing how to edit

(1)

Knowing how to proofread

(2)

Case study: A student writing an essay

(11)

Rhetorical Strategies in Paragraphs

(32)

Understanding paragraphs

(2)

Writing unified paragraphs

(3)

Supporting the main idea of a paragraph

(3)

Writing coherent paragraphs

(6)

Arranging a paragraph

(5)

Knowing patterns for paragraphs

(7)

Writing introductory, transitional, and concluding paragraphs

(6)

Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing

101

(38)

Understanding critical thinking

101

(1)

Engaging in critical thinking

102

(1)

Understanding the reading process

103

(1)

Engaging in the reading process

104

(8)

Engaging in critical reading

112

(5)

Distinguishing between summary and synthesis

117

(3)

Writing a critical response

120

(2)

Assessing evidence critically

122

(5)

Assessing cause and effect critically

127

(2)

Assessing reasoning processes critically

129

(4)

Recognizing and avoiding logical fallacies

133

(6)

Writing Argument

139

(18)

Choosing a topic for a written argument

140

(2)

Developing an assertion and a thesis statement for written argument

142

(1)

Considering the audience for written argument

143

(1)

Using the classical pattern for written argument

144

(2)

Using the Toulmin model for argument

146

(1)

Defining terms in written argument

147

(1)

Reasoning effectively in written argument

148

(2)

Establishing a reasonable tone in written argument

150

(1)

Writing and revising a written argument

150

(7)

PART TWO: UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR AND WRITING CORRECT SENTENCES

157

(152)

Parts of Speech and Sentence Structures

158

(25)

Parts of Speech

158

(1)

Recognizing nouns

158

(1)

Recognizing pronouns

159

(1)

Recognizing verbs

160

(1)

Recognizing verbals

161

(1)

Recognizing adjectives

162

(1)

Recognizing adverbs

163

(2)

Recognizing prepositions

165

(1)

Recognizing conjunctions

165

(1)

Recognizing interjections

166

(1)

Sentence Structures

167

(1)

Defining the sentence

167

(1)

Recognizing subjects and predicates

168

(2)

Recognizing direct and indirect objects

170

(1)

Recognizing complements, modifiers, and appositives

171

(2)

Recognizing phrases

173

(2)

Recognizing clauses

175

(5)

Recognizing sentence types

180

(3)

Verbs

183

(31)

Understanding verbs

183

(3)

Verb Forms

186

(1)

Recognizing the forms of main verbs

186

(4)

Using the -s form of verbs

190

(1)

Using regular and irregular verbs

191

(1)

Using auxiliary verbs

192

(3)

Using intransitive and transitive verbs

195

(2)

Verb Tense

197

(1)

Understanding verb tense

197

(2)

Using the simple present tense

199

(1)

Forming and using the perfect tenses

199

(1)

Forming and using progressive forms

200

(1)

Using accurate tense sequences

201

(4)

Mood

205

(1)

Understanding mood

205

(1)

Using correct subjunctive forms

206

(2)

Voice

208

(1)

Understanding voice

208

(1)

Using active and passive voices

208

(6)

Focus on Revising

211

(3)

Case of Nouns and Pronouns

214

(12)

Understanding case

214

(1)

Using pronouns in compound constructions

215

(3)

Matching noun and pronoun case in appositives

218

(1)

Avoiding the objective case after linking verbs

219

(1)

Using who, whoever, whom, and whomever

220

(2)

Using appropriate pronoun case after than or as

222

(1)

Using pronouns with infinitives

223

(1)

Using pronouns with -ing words

223

(2)

Using -self pronouns

225

(1)

Pronoun Reference

226

(8)

Making a pronoun refer clearly to a single antecedent

227

(1)

Placing pronouns close to their antecedents for clarity

227

(2)

Making a pronoun refer to a definite antecedent

229

(2)

Not overusing it

231

(1)

Using you only for direct address

231

(1)

Using who, which, and that correctly

232

(2)

Agreement

234

(19)

Subject-Verb Agreement

234

(1)

Understanding subject-verb agreement

234

(1)

Using the final -s or -es either for plural subjects or for singular verbs

235

(2)

For agreement, ignoring words between a subject and its verb

237

(1)

Using verbs with subjects connected by and

238

(1)

Making the verb agree with the nearest subject

239

(1)

Using verbs in inverted word order

239

(2)

Using verbs with indefinite pronouns

241

(1)

Using verbs in context for collective nouns

242

(1)

Making a linking verb agree with the subject, not the subject complement

243

(1)

Using verbs that agree with antecedents of who, which, and that

243

(1)

Using singular verbs with subjects that specify amounts and with singular subjects in plural form

244

(1)

Using singular verbs for titles of written works, companies, and words as terms

245

(2)

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

247

(1)

Understanding pronoun-antecedent agreement

247

(1)

Using pronouns with antecedents connected by and

248

(1)

Making the pronoun agree with the nearest antecedent

248

(1)

Using pronouns with indefinite-pronoun antecedents

249

(1)

Avoiding sexist pronoun use

250

(1)

Using pronouns with collective-noun antecedents

250

(3)

Using Adjectives and Adverbs

253

(9)

Distinguishing between adjectives and adverbs

253

(1)

Using adverbs---not adjectives---to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs

254

(1)

Avoiding double negatives

255

(1)

Using adjectives---not adverbs---as complements after linking verbs

255

(2)

Using comparative and superlative forms

257

(3)

Avoiding too many nouns as modifiers

260

(2)

Sentence Fragments

262

(13)

Testing for sentence completeness

263

(3)

Revising dependent clauses punctuated as sentences

266

(2)

Revising phrases punctuated as sentences

268

(2)

Recognizing intentional fragments

270

(5)

Focus on Revising

272

(3)

Comma Splices and Run-Together Sentences

275

(13)

Recognizing comma splices and run-together sentences

277

(1)

Using a period or a semicolon to correct comma splices and run-together sentences

277

(1)

Using coordinating conjunctions to correct comma splices and run-together sentences

278

(1)

Revising an independent clause into a dependent clause to correct comma splices and run-together sentences

279

(2)

Using a semicolon or a period before a conjunctive adverb or other transitional expression between independent clauses

281

(7)

Focus on Revising

285

(3)

Awkward Sentences

288

(21)

Avoiding unnecessary shifts

289

(5)

Avoiding misplaced modifiers

294

(4)

Avoiding dangling modifiers

298

(2)

Avoiding mixed sentences

300

(3)

Avoiding incomplete sentences

303

(6)

Focus on Revising

305

(4)

PART THREE: WRITING EFFECTIVELY

309

(88)

Conciseness

310

(11)

Eliminating wordy sentence structures

310

(6)

Eliminating unneeded words

316

(3)

Revising redundancies

319

(2)

Coordination and Subordination

321

(13)

Coordination

321

(1)

Understanding coordination

321

(2)

Using coordinate sentences to show relationships

323

(1)

Using coordinate sentences for effect

323

(1)

Avoiding the misuse of coordination

324

(2)

Subordination

326

(1)

Understanding subordination

326

(2)

Choosing the subordinate conjunction appropriate to your meaning

328

(1)

Using subordination to show relationships

328

(2)

Avoiding the misuse of subordination

330

(2)

Balancing subordination and coordination

332

(2)

Parallelism

334

(9)

Understanding parallelism

334

(1)

Using words in parallel form

335

(1)

Using phrases and clauses in parallel form

335

(1)

Using parallel structures correctly with coordinating and correlative conjunctions and with than and as

336

(1)

Repeating function words in parallel elements

337

(1)

Using parallel and balanced structures for impact

338

(1)

Using parallel sentences for impact in longer passages

339

(2)

Using parallelism in outlines and lists

341

(2)

Variety and Emphasis

343

(11)

Understanding variety and emphasis

343

(1)

Varying sentence length

343

(3)

Using an occasional question, mild command, or exclamation

346

(1)

Choosing the subject of a sentence according to your intended emphasis

347

(1)

Adding modifiers to basic sentences for variety and emphasis

348

(3)

Inverting standard word order

351

(1)

Repeating important words or ideas to achieve emphasis

351

(3)

Understanding the Meaning of Words

354

(16)

Using dictionaries

354

(7)

Choosing exact words

361

(3)

Increasing your vocabulary

364

(6)

Understanding the Effect of Words

370

(11)

Using appropriate language

370

(2)

Avoiding sexist language

372

(3)

Using figurative language

375

(2)

Avoiding cliches

377

(1)

Avoiding artificial language

378

(3)

Spelling and Hyphenation

381

(16)

Eliminating careless spelling errors

381

(1)

Spelling homonyms and commonly confused words

382

(6)

Using spelling rules for plurals, suffixes, and ie, ei words

388

(3)

Using hyphens correctly

391

(6)

PART FOUR: USING PUNCTUATION AND MECHANICS

397

(88)

Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points

398

(5)

Period

398

(1)

Using a period at the end of a statement, a mild command, or an indirect question

398

(1)

Using periods with most abbreviation

398

(1)

Question Mark

399

(1)

Using a question mark after a direct question

399

(1)

Using a question mark in parentheses

400

(1)

Exclamation Point

400

(1)

Using an exclamation point for a strong command or an emphatic declaration

400

(1)

Avoiding the overuse of exclamation points

400

(3)

Commas

403

(25)

Using a comma before a coordinating conjunction that links independent clauses

404

(2)

Using a comma after an introductory clause, phrase, or word

406

(4)

Using commas to separate items in a series

410

(2)

Using a comma to separate coordinate adjectives

412

(2)

Using commas to set off nonrestrictive (nonessential) elements but no commas with restrictive (essential) elements

414

(3)

Using commas to set off transitional and parenthetical expressions, contrasts, words of direct address, and tag sentences

417

(1)

Using commas with quoted words

418

(2)

Using commas in dates, names, addresses, correspondence, and numbers according to accepted practice

420

(3)

Using commas to clarify meaning

423

(1)

Avoiding misuse of the comma

423

(5)

Semicolons

428

(6)

Using a semicolon between closely related independent clauses

428

(1)

Using a semicolon before a coordinating conjunction that joins independent clauses containing commas

428

(1)

Using a semicolon when conjunctive adverbs or other transitional expressions connect independent clauses

429

(1)

Using a semicolon with items in a series that are long or contain commas

430

(1)

Avoiding misuse of the semicolon

430

(4)

Colons

434

(5)

Using a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list, an appositive, or a quotation

434

(1)

Using a colon between two independent clauses

435

(1)

Using a colon to format standard material

435

(1)

Avoiding misuse of the colon

436

(3)

Apostrophes

439

(8)

Using an apostrophe to form the possessive case of nouns and indefinite pronouns

439

(2)

Not using an apostrophe with the possessive forms of personal pronouns

441

(1)

Using an apostrophe to show omitted letters or numbers in contractions

441

(1)

Using's to form plurals of letters, numerals, symbols, and words when used as terms

442

(1)

Avoiding misuse of the apostrophe

443

(4)

Quotation Marks

447

(9)

Using quotation marks to enclose short direct quotations

447

(4)

Using quotation marks to enclose the titles of short works

451

(1)

Using quotation marks for words used in special senses or for special purposes

452

(1)

Avoiding the misuse of quotation marks

452

(2)

Using quotation marks with other punctuation

454

(2)

Other Punctuation Marks

456

(11)

Dash

456

(1)

Using the dash

456

(2)

Parentheses

458

(1)

Using parentheses

458

(2)

Brackets

460

(1)

Using brackets

460

(2)

Ellipsis Points

462

(1)

Using ellipsis points

462

(1)

Slash

463

(1)

Using the slash

463

(4)

Capitals, Italics, Abbreviations, and Numbers

467

(18)

Capitals

467

(1)

Capitalizing the first word of a sentence

467

(1)

Capitalizing listed items

468

(1)

Capitalizing the first letter of an introduced quotation

468

(1)

Capitalizing I and O

469

(1)

Capitalizing nouns and adjectives according to standard practice

469

(4)

Italics (Underlining)

473

(1)

Using standard practice for underlining titles and other words, letters, or numbers

473

(2)

Underlining sparingly for special emphasis

475

(1)

Abbreviations

476

(1)

Using abbreviations with time and symbols

476

(1)

Using abbreviations with titles, names and terms, and addresses

477

(2)

Using abbreviations in documentation according to standard practice

479

(1)

Using etc.

480

(1)

Numbers

481

(1)

Using spelled-out numbers

481

(1)

Using numbers according to standard practice

481

(4)

PART FIVE: WRITING RESEARCH

485

(184)

Using Sources: Avoiding Plagiarism and Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

486

(18)

Avoiding plagiarism

487

(3)

Understanding the concept of documentation

490

(1)

Using quotations effectively

490

(6)

Paraphrasing accurately

496

(4)

Summarizing accurately

500

(3)

Using verbs effectively to integrate source material into your prose

503

(1)

The Processes of Research Writing

504

(40)

Understanding research writing

504

(1)

Scheduling for research writing

505

(2)

Using a research log

507

(1)

Choosing and narrowing a topic for research writing

508

(2)

Determining the purpose and audience for your research paper

510

(1)

Preparing to undertake research

511

(5)

Deciding whether to conduct field research

516

(1)

Using a search strategy for conducting research

517

(1)

Using the LCSH and compiling subject headings and key words

518

(1)

Understanding how to take notes

519

(3)

Using reference works

522

(3)

Using specialized reference works

525

(2)

Using a library's book catalog

527

(1)

Using periodicals

527

(5)

Using electronic resources

532

(3)

Using the government documents collection

535

(3)

Interviewing an expert

538

(1)

Drafting a thesis statement for a research paper

539

(2)

Outlining a research paper

541

(1)

Drafting and revising a research paper

541

(3)

Documenting in MLA, APA, CM, and CBE Styles

544

(79)

Understanding the concept of documentation

544

(3)

Creating a working bibliography

547

(1)

Using MLA-style documentation

547

(33)

Using APA-style documentation

580

(22)

Using CM-style documentation

602

(13)

Using CBE-style documentation

615

(8)

Case Study: A Student Writing an MLA Research Paper

623

(33)

Observing the processes of researching and writing an MLA-style research paper

623

(3)

Analyzing an MLA-style research paper

626

(30)

Case Study: A Student Writing an APA Research Paper

656

(13)

Observing the processes of researching and writing an APA-style research paper

656

(3)

Looking at the final draft of an APA-style research paper

659

(10)

PART SIX: WRITING ACROSS THE CURRICULUM

669

(48)

Comparing the Disciplines

670

(5)

Conducting primary research and using sources for secondary research in each discipline

672

(1)

Selecting a style of documentation appropriate to each discipline

673

(1)

Following manuscript format requirements in each discipline

673

(1)

Using specialized language as needed for each discipline

673

(2)

Writing About Literature

675

(17)

Understanding methods of inquiry into literature

675

(1)

Understanding purposes and practices in writing about literature

675

(1)

Using documentation style for writing about literature

676

(1)

Writing different types of papers about literature

676

(3)

Three case studies of students writing about literature

679

(13)

Writing in the Social Sciences and Natural Sciences

692

(9)

Social Sciences

692

(1)

Understanding ways of gathering information in the social sciences

692

(1)

Understanding writing purposes and practices in the social sciences

693

(1)

Using documentation style in the social sciences

694

(1)

Writing different types of papers in the social sciences

694

(1)

Natural Sciences

695

(1)

Understanding ways of gathering information in the natural sciences

695

(1)

Understanding writing purposes and practices in the natural sciences

696

(1)

Using documentation style in the natural sciences

697

(1)

Writing different types of papers in the natural sciences

697

(4)

Business Writing

701

(10)

Writing and formatting a business letter

701

(3)

Writing and formatting a job application letter

704

(4)

Writing and formatting a resume

708

(3)

Writing Under Pressure

711

(6)

Understanding cue words and key words

711

(3)

Writing effective responses to essay-test questions

714

(1)

Using strategies when writing under pressure

715

(2)

PART SEVEN: WRITING WHEN ENGLISH IS A SECOND LANGUAGE

717

(46)

Preface for ESL Students

718

(3)

Singulars and Plurals

721

(7)

Understanding the concept of count and noncount nouns

721

(2)

Using determiners with singular and plural nouns

723

(2)

Using one of, nouns as adjectives, and States in names or titles

725

(1)

Using nouns with irregular plurals

726

(2)

Articles

728

(7)

Using a, an, or the with singular count nouns

728

(2)

Using articles with plural nouns and with noncount nouns

730

(2)

Using the with proper nouns and with gerunds

732

(3)

Word Order

735

(6)

Understanding standard and inverted word order

735

(3)

Understanding the placement of adjectives

738

(1)

Understanding the placement of adverbs

739

(2)

Prepositions

741

(5)

Recognizing prepositions

741

(1)

Using prepositions with expressions of time and place

742

(1)

Using prepositions in phrasal verbs

743

(1)

Using prepositions in common expressions

744

(2)

Gerunds, Infinitives, and Participles

746

(9)

Using gerunds and infinitives as subjects

747

(1)

Using a gerund, not an infinitive, as an object after certain verbs

747

(2)

Using an infinitive, not a gerund, as an object after certain verbs

749

(2)

Knowing how meaning changes when certain verbs are followed by a gerund or an infinitive as an object

751

(1)

Understanding that meaning does not change whether a gerund or an infinitive follows certain sense verbs

751

(1)

Choosing between -ing and -ed forms for adjectives

752

(3)

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

755

(8)

Conveying ability, necessity, advisability, possibility, and probability with modals

756

(3)

Conveying preferences, plans, and past habits with modals

759

(1)

Recognizing modals in the passive voice

759

(4)

Usage Glossary

763

(15)

Terms Glossary

778

(21)

Index

799

(45)

List of Charts

844

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Simon and Schuster Handbook for Writers

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials