The Singularity Is Near When Humans Transcend Biology

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ISBN: 9780143037880 | 0143037889
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/26/2006

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For over three decades, Ray Kurzweil has been one of the most respected and provocative advocates of the role of technology in our future. In his classic The Age of Spiritual Machines, he argued that computers would soon rival the full range of human intelligence at its best. Now he examines the next step in this inexorable evolutionary process: the union of human and machine, in which the knowledge and skills embedded in our brains will be combined with the vastly greater capacity, speed, and knowledge-sharing ability of our creations.

Acknowledgments

Prologue The Power of Ideas

(6)

CHAPTER ONE The Six Epochs

(28)

The Intuitive Linear View Versus the Historical Exponential View

(4)

The Six Epochs

(7)

Epoch One: Physics and Chemistry.

Epoch Two: Biology and DNA.

Epoch Three: Brains.

Epoch Four: Technology.

Epoch Five: The Merger of Human Technology with Human Intelligence.

Epoch Six: The Universe Wakes Up.

The Singularity Is Near

(14)

CHAPTER TWO A Theory of Technology Evolution: The Law of Accelerating Returns

(76)

The Nature of Order. The Life Cycle of a Paradigm. Fractal Designs. Farsighted Evolution.

The S-Curve of a Technology as Expressed in Its Life Cycle

(5)

The Life Cycle of a Technology. From Goat Skins to Downloads.

Moore's Law and Beyond

(16)

Moore's Law: Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?

The Fifth Paradigm.

Fractal Dimensions and the Brain.

DNA Sequencing, Memory, Communications, the Internet, and Miniaturization

(24)

Information, Order, and Evolution: The Insights from Wolfram and Fredkin's Cellular Automata.

Can We Evolve Artificial Intelligence from Simple Rules?

The Singularity as Economic Imperative

(15)

Get Eighty Trillion Dollars—Limited Time Only.

Deflation...a Bad Thing?

CHAPTER THREE Achieving the Computational Capacity of the Human Brain

111

(32)

The Sixth Paradigm of Computing Technology: Three-Dimensional Molecular Computing and Emerging Computational Technologies

111

(11)

The Bridge to 3-D Molecular Computing.

Nanotubes Are Still the Best Bet.

Computing with Molecules.

Self-Assembly. Emulating Biology.

Computing with DNA. Computing with Spin.

Computing with Light.

Quantum Computing.

The Computational Capacity of the Human Brain

122

(5)

Accelerating the Availability of Human-Level Personal Computing.

Human Memory Capacity.

The Limits of Computation

127

(16)

Reversible Computing. How Smart Is a Rock?

The Limits of Nano-computing.

Setting a Date for the Singularity.

Memory and Computational Efficiency: A Rock Versus a Human Brain.

Going Beyond the Ultimate: Pico- and Femtotechnology and Bending the Speed of Light.

Going Back in Time.

CHAPTER FOUR Achieving the Software of Human Intelligence: How to Reverse Engineer the Human Brain

143

(62)

Reverse Engineering the Brain: An Overview of the Task

144

(5)

New Brain-Imaging and Modeling Tools.

The Software of the Brain.

Analytic Versus Neuromorphic Modeling of the Brain.

How Complex Is the Brain?

Modeling the Brain.

Peeling the Onion.

Is the Human Brain Different from a Computer?

149

(8)

The Brain's Circuits Are Very Slow.

But It's Massively Parallel.

The Brain Combines Analog and Digital Phenomena.

The Brain Rewires Itself.

Most of the Details in the Brain Are Random.

The Brain Uses Emergent Properties.

The Brain Is Imperfect.

We Contradict Ourselves.

The Brain Uses Evolution.

The Patterns Are Important.

The Brain Is Holographic.

The Brain Is Deeply Connected.

The Brain Does Have an Architecture of Regions.

The Design of a Brain Region Is Simpler than the Design of a Neuron.

Trying to Understand Our Own Thinking: The Accelerating Pace of Research.

Peering into the Brain

157

(10)

New Tools for Scanning the Brain.

Improving Resolution.

Scanning Using Nanobots.

Building Models of the Brain

167

(27)

Subneural Models:

Synapses and Spines.

Neuron Models.

Electronic Neurons.

Brain Plasticity.

Modeling Regions of the Brain.

A Neuromorphic Model: The Cerebellum.

Another Example: Watts's Model of the Auditory Regions.

The Visual System.

Other Works in Progress: An Artificial Hippocampus and an Artificial Olivocerebellar Region.

Understanding Higher-Level Functions: Imitation, Prediction, and Emotion.

Interfacing the Brain and Machines

194

(1)

The Accelerating Pace of Reverse Engineering the Brain

195

(3)

The Scalability of Human Intelligence.

Uploading the Human Brain

198

(7)

CHAPTER FIVE GNR: Three Overlapping Revolutions

205

(95)

Genetics: The Intersection of Information and Biology

206

(20)

Life's Computer. Designer Baby Boomers.

Can We Really Live Forever?

RNAi (RNA Interference).

Cell Therapies. Gene Chips.

Somatic Gene Therapy.

Reversing Degenerative Disease.

Combating Heart Disease.

Overcoming Cancer.

Reversing Aging.

DNA Mutations.

Toxic Cells.

Mitochondrial Mutations.

Intracellular Aggregates.

Extracellular Aggregates.

Cell Loss and Atrophy.

Human Cloning: The Least Interesting Application of Cloning Technology.

Why Is Cloning Important? Preserving Endangered Species and Restoring Extinct Ones.

Therapeutic Cloning.

Human Somatic-Cell Engineering.

Solving World Hunger.

Human Cloning Revisited.

Nanotechnology: The Intersection of Information and the Physical World

226

(33)

The Biological Assembler.

Upgrading the Cell Nucleus with a Nano-computer and Nanobot.

Fat and Sticky Fingers.

The Debate Heats Up.

Early Adopters.

Powering the Singularity.

Applications of Nanotechnology to the Environment.

Nanobots in the Bloodstream.

Robotics: Strong AI

259

(41)

Runaway AI.

The AI Winter.

AI's Toolkit.

Expert Systems.

Bayesian Nets.

Markov Models.

Neural Nets.

Genetic Algorithms (GAs).

Recursive Search.

Deep Fritz Draws: Are Humans Getting Smarter, or Are Computers Getting Stupider?

The Specialized-Hardware Advantage.

Deep Blue Versus Deep Fritz.

Significant Software Gains.

Are Human Chess Players Doomed?

Combining Methods.

A Narrow AI Sampler.

Military and Intelligence.

Space Exploration.

Medicine.

Science and Math.

Business, Finance, and Manufacturing.

Manufacturing and Robotics.

Speech and Language.

Entertainment and Sports.

Strong AI.

CHAPTER SIX The Impact...

.299

A Panoply of Impacts.

...on the Human Body

300

(12)

A New Way of Eating.

Redesigning the Digestive System.

Programmable Blood.

Have a Heart, or Not.

So What's Left?

Redesigning the Human Brain.

We Are Becoming Cyborgs.

Human Body Version 3.0.

...on the Human Brain

312

(8)

The 2010 Scenario.

The 2030 Scenario.

Become Someone Else.

Experience Beamers.

Expand Your Mind.

...on Human Longevity

320

(10)

The Transformation to Nonbiological Experience.

The Longevity of Information.

...on Warfare: The Remote, Robotic, Robust, Size-Reduced, Virtual-Reality Paradigm

330

(5)

Smart Dust.

Nanoweapons.

Smart Weapons.

VR.

...on Learning

335

(2)

...on Work

337

(4)

Intellectual Property.

Decentralization.

...on Play

341

(1)

...on the Intelligent Destiny of the Cosmos: Why We Are Probably Alone in the Universe

342

(27)

The Drake Equation.

The Limits of Computation Revisited.

Bigger or Smaller.

Expanding Beyond the Solar System.

The Speed of Light Revisited.

Wormholes.

Changing the Speed of Light.

The Fermi Paradox Revisited.

The Anthropic Principle Revisited.

The Multiverse.

Evolving Universes.

Intelligence as the Destiny of the Universe.

The Ultimate Utility Function.

Hawking Radiation.

Why Intelligence Is More Powerful than Physics.

A Universe-Scale Computer.

The Holographic Universe.

CHAPTER SEVEN Ich bin ein Singularitarian

369

(22)

Still Human?

The Vexing Question of Consciousness

376

(6)

Who Am I? What Am I?

382

(5)

The Singularity as Transcendence

387

(4)

CHAPTER EIGHT The Deeply Intertwined Promise and Peril of GNR

391

(36)

Intertwined Benefits...

396

(1)

...and Dangers

397

(3)

A Panoply of Existential Risks

400

(8)

The Precautionary Principle.

The Smaller the Interaction, the Larger the Explosive Potential.

Our Simulation Is Turned Off.

Crashing the Party.

GNR: The Proper Focus of Promise Versus Peril.

The Inevitability of a Transformed Future.

Totalitarian Relinquishment.

Preparing the Defenses

408

(2)

Strong AI.

Returning to the Past?

The Idea of Relinquishment

410

(6)

Broad Relinquishment.

Fine-Grained Relinquishment.

Dealing with Abuse.

The Threat from Fundamentalism.

Fundamentalist Humanism.

Development of Defensive Technologies and the Impact of Regulation

416

(6)

Protection from "Unfriendly" Strong AI.

Decentralization.

Distributed Energy.

Civil Liberties in an Age of Asymmetric Warfare.

A Program for GNR Defense

422

(5)

CHAPTER NINE Response to Critics

427

(58)

A Panoply of Criticisms

427

(5)

The Criticism from Incredulity

432

(1)

The Criticism from Malthus

433

(2)

Exponential Trends Don't Last Forever.

A Virtually Unlimited Limit.

The Criticism from Software

435

(7)

Software Stability.

Software Responsiveness.

Software Price-Performance.

Software Development Productivity.

Software Complexity.

Accelerating Algorithms.

The Ultimate Source of Intelligent Algorithms.

The Criticism from Analog Processing

442

(1)

The Criticism from the Complexity of Neural Processing

442

(8)

Brain Complexity.

A Computer's Inherent Dualism.

Levels and Loops.

The Criticism from Microtubules and Quantum Computing

450

(3)

The Criticism from the Church-Turing Thesis

453

(3)

The Criticism from Failure Rates

456

(1)

The Criticism from "Lock-In"

457

(1)

The Criticism from Ontology: Can a Computer Be Conscious?

458

(11)

Kurzweil's Chinese Room.

The Criticism from the Rich-Poor Divide

469

(1)

The Criticism from the Likelihood of Government Regulation

470

(3)

The Unbearable Slowness of Social Institutions.

The Criticism from Theism

473

(6)

The Criticism from Holism

479

(6)

Epilogue

485

(4)

How Singular? Human Centrality.

Resources and Contact Information

489

(2)

Appendix: The Law of Accelerating Returns Revisited

491

(6)

Notes

497

(106)

Index

603

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The Singularity Is Near When Humans Transcend Biology

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

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The Singularity Is Near When Humans Transcend Biology

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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