Six Sigma Software Development, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9781420044263 | 1420044265
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 3/27/2007

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Even though Six Sigma programs have successfully been implemented in practice, many IT departments remain skeptical of the process or are unaware of how the tools can be used to improve system development. Removing the mystique surrounding this technique, Six Sigma Software Development, Second Edition demonstrates how Six Sigma tools and concepts can be used to enhance the system development process.Revised and updated, this second edition clearly explains Six Sigma concepts and their application, maps Six Sigma concepts and tools to all aspects of system development, and proposes the use of Six Sigma tools to evaluate and improve the overall performance of the IT department. In addition to classic Six Sigma, the book introduces Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) and illustrates when and how its tools and techniques can be used to increase the robustness and reliability of a new system. It also shows how the judicious application of lean tools can reduce the complexity of IT processes, thus shortening the time needed to translate customer requirements into completed systems and increasing customer satisfaction.

List of Exhibits	p. xix
Introduction	p. xxv
Introduction to Six Sigma	p. 1
Six Sigma in Perspective	p. 3
Defining Six Sigma	p. 3
More than Statistics	p. 4
Not Just Products	p. 4
Defect Prevention	p. 5
Reduced Variation	p. 6
Customer Focus	p. 7
Fact-Based Decisions	p. 8
Teamwork	p. 9
Tools and Training	p. 9
A Strategy, Not an Initiative	p. 10
DFSS: The Logical Extension to Six Sigma	p. 10
Applying Six Sigma to System Development	p. 11
No Relevance to IT	p. 12
All or Nothing	p. 13
The Six Sigma Difference	p. 15
The Six Sigma Difference	p. 15
Six Sigma and Quality Assurance	p. 15
Six Sigma and CMM	p. 17
Six Sigma and Lean	p. 19
Managing Change	p. 21
The Human Effects of Change	p. 21
The Roles People Play	p. 23
Components of Successful Change	p. 23
Building Commitment	p. 24
Formal Communication	p. 25
Informal Communications	p. 27
The Basics of Six Sigma	p. 29
Introduction to DMAIC	p. 31
Background to the Case Study	p. 33
The Definition Phase	p. 35
The Project Champion	p. 35
Define the Problem	p. 36
Form a Team	p. 37
Establish a Project Charter	p. 42
The Thought Process Map	p. 44
Refining the Project Scope	p. 44
Develop a Project Plan	p. 47
Identify the Customers	p. 47
Identify Key Outputs	p. 49
Identify and Prioritize Customer Requirements	p. 50
The Second Meeting	p. 52
Document the Current Process	p. 56
Types of Process Maps	p. 56
Top-Level Map	p. 57
Detailed Process Map	p. 58
Functional Process Map	p. 59
Complete the Requirements Definition	p. 61
The Measurement Phase	p. 65
Determine What To Measure	p. 66
Types of Variation	p. 66
The Lean Approach	p. 68
Measure What You Value	p. 69
Accuracy of Measurements	p. 71
Conduct the Measurement	p. 72
Understanding Variation	p. 73
Calculate Current Sigma Level	p. 79
Determine Process Capability	p. 83
Capability Indices	p. 84
Cycle Time	p. 86
Benchmark Process Leaders	p. 87
The Analysis Phase	p. 91
Determine What Caused the Variation	p. 91
Noise Variables	p. 93
Brainstorm Ideas for Process Improvements	p. 98
Determine Which Improvements Have the Greatest Impact on Customer Requirements	p. 99
Develop Proposed Process Map	p. 102
Assess Risks Associated with Revised Process	p. 104
The Improvement Phase	p. 109
Gain Approval for the Proposed Changes	p. 109
The Impact Assessment	p. 111
Finalize the Implementation Plan	p. 115
Implement the Approved Changes	p. 115
The Control Phase	p. 119
Establish Key Metrics	p. 119
Develop the Control Strategy	p. 121
Celebrate and Communicate Success	p. 125
Implement the Control Plan	p. 125
Measure and Communicate Improvements	p. 125
Design for Six Sigma	p. 129
Introduction to DFSS	p. 131
The Need for DFSS	p. 131
Defining DFSS	p. 132
Phases of DFSS	p. 134
Distinguishing between Six Sigma and DFSS	p. 136
Background to the Case Study	p. 137
The Identification of Opportunities Phase	p. 139
Define the Problem	p. 140
Form a Team	p. 140
Establish a Project Charter	p. 143
Develop a Project Plan	p. 145
Identify the Customers, Suppliers, and Stakeholders	p. 145
Identify Customer Requirements	p. 148
Identify CTQs	p. 156
Begin to Develop the QFD Matrix	p. 158
The Definition of the Initial Design Phase	p. 163
Identify Potential Designs	p. 163
Evaluate the Potential Designs Using Pugh Concept Selection Techniques	p. 167
Identify Potential Failure Modes of the Most Feasible Design	p. 169
Expand the QFD with the Results of the Analyses	p. 170
The Development of Concept Phase	p. 179
Define the Proposed Product and Process	p. 179
Identify Possible Causes of Variation in the Process	p. 181
Model the Design	p. 183
Identify Potential Risks and Mitigation Plans	p. 185
Develop Quality Measures for the Process	p. 187
The Optimization Phase	p. 193
The Challenge	p. 193
Parameter Design	p. 194
Tolerance Design	p. 196
The Verification Phase	p. 199
The Prototype	p. 200
The Pilot	p. 202
Six Sigma and the Traditional SDLC	p. 207
Introduction to the Traditional SDLC	p. 209
Advantages of the Traditional SDLC	p. 211
SDLC Disadvantages	p. 211
How Six Sigma Can Help	p. 212
The Role of DFSS	p. 216
Project Initiation	p. 219
Identify the Problem	p. 220
Form the Team	p. 222
Identify Preliminary Requirements	p. 223
Begin to Develop a Thought Process Map	p. 223
Develop the Initial Project Charter	p. 224
Define the Problem Statement and Project Goals	p. 225
Identify the Customers	p. 226
Identify Key Outputs	p. 226
Document the Current Process	p. 227
Define High-Level Requirements	p. 228
Validate the Requirements	p. 228
Develop a Feasibility Study	p. 230
Obtain Project Approval	p. 232
System Analysis	p. 237
Understand the Current Process	p. 239
Identify the Requirements	p. 241
Prioritize the Requirements	p. 243
Identify Potential Process Improvements	p. 246
Determine Which Improvements Will Have the Greatest Impact on the Highest Priority Requirements	p. 246
Create a Detailed "To-Be" Process Map	p. 247
Assess the Impact and Risks of the Proposed Process Improvements	p. 248
Complete the Development of the Conceptual Design	p. 248
Complete the Requirements Specification Document	p. 249
Obtain Approvals	p. 249
System Design	p. 251
Functional Design	p. 251
Technical Design	p. 253
Defect Prevention	p. 258
Program Design	p. 260
Construction	p. 263
Structured Walk-Throughs	p. 263
Defect Prevention	p. 264
Testing and Quality Assurance	p. 267
The Test Plan	p. 268
Test Cases	p. 269
The Unit Test	p. 271
The System Test	p. 272
The Integration Test	p. 272
The Stress Test	p. 273
The Acceptance Test	p. 275
Six Sigma Tools for Testing	p. 275
Implementation	p. 277
Customer Training	p. 277
Customer Documentation	p. 279
Data Conversion	p. 281
Project Evaluation	p. 281
Six Sigma and Legacy Systems	p. 283
Introduction to Legacy Systems	p. 285
The Challenge	p. 285
Need for Change Management	p. 286
When DFSS Can Help	p. 287
Change Management in the IT Department	p. 289
Understand and Document the Process	p. 290
Define Success	p. 292
Identify and Mitigate Risks	p. 293
Release-Based Maintenance	p. 293
Ensure that the Process Is Followed	p. 295
System Maintenance and Support	p. 297
Categorizing Maintenance	p. 297
Six Sigma and System Support	p. 298
Customer Focus	p. 299
The Steering Committee	p. 300
One or More Committees?	p. 301
Charters and Agendas	p. 302
Service Level Agreements	p. 303
Customer Satisfaction Surveys	p. 306
Ensuring Successful Maintenance	p. 310
Incorporating Six Sigma into Other Development Methodologies	p. 311
Rapid Application Development	p. 313
JRP and JAD	p. 314
The Role of DFSS	p. 314
Selecting the Participants	p. 314
The Role of the Facilitator	p. 315
Optimizing the Meeting Location	p. 316
Effective Sessions	p. 317
Communication	p. 318
Prototyping and Spiral Development	p. 321
Prototyping	p. 322
Spiral or Iterative Development	p. 323
Phased Delivery	p. 326
Client/Server and Web-Based Systems	p. 327
The Challenge	p. 327
Reducing Variation through Testing	p. 329
Six Sigma and Packaged Software Implementation	p. 331
Selecting Packaged Software	p. 333
Advantages of Packaged Software	p. 333
Guidelines for Success	p. 334
Using Six Sigma to Increase the Probability of Success	p. 336
The Selection Process	p. 337
Identify the Requirements	p. 338
Prioritize the Requirements	p. 339
Develop a List of Potential Vendors	p. 340
Obtain Product Information	p. 340
Perform a Preliminary Evaluation	p. 341
Conduct Initial Product Demos	p. 343
Perform Detailed Evaluation of "Short List" Vendors	p. 343
Identify Gaps between Products and Requirements	p. 344
Select Final Vendor	p. 345
Negotiate the Contract	p. 345
Implementing Packaged Software	p. 349
Preparing the Customer Department	p. 350
Installing and Implementing the Software	p. 351
Communicate the Decision and Project Schedule	p. 351
Install and Test the Software with No Modifications	p. 351
Modify the Base Software and Retest	p. 352
Build Interfaces To and From Existing Systems	p. 352
Develop Data Conversion Programs and Procedures	p. 354
Develop and Conduct Customer Training	p. 354
Go Live	p. 354
Evaluate the Results	p. 355
Six Sigma and Outsourcing	p. 357
Introduction to Outsourcing	p. 359
Outsourcing versus Staff Augmentation	p. 359
The Outsourcing Decision	p. 363
What to Outsource	p. 363
Personnel-Related Risks	p. 363
Reasons for Outsourcing	p. 364
Potential Disadvantages of Outsourcing	p. 365
Strategies for Success	p. 366
Choosing the Right Supplier	p. 366
Categorizing the Engagement	p. 368
Selecting the Supplier	p. 370
Negotiating the Contract	p. 371
Drafting a Comprehensive Contract	p. 372
Establishing Effective SOWs and SLAs	p. 373
Committing to Success	p. 374
Effective Outsourcing	p. 377
Where DFSS Can Help	p. 377
Custom System Development	p. 378
Packaged Software Implementation	p. 380
System Maintenance	p. 381
The Help Desk	p. 381
Data Center Operations	p. 382
The Control Plan	p. 382
The Six Sigma IT Department	p. 385
Putting It All Together	p. 387
Define	p. 387
Define the Problem	p. 388
Form a Team	p. 388
Establish a Project Charter	p. 388
Develop a Project Plan	p. 388
Identify the Customers	p. 389
Identify Key Outputs	p. 389
Identify and Prioritize Customer Requirements	p. 389
Document the Current Process	p. 390
Measure	p. 392
Determine What to Measure	p. 392
Conduct the Measurements	p. 392
Calculate Current Sigma Level	p. 392
Determine Process Capability	p. 392
Benchmark Process Leaders	p. 393
Analyze	p. 393
Determine What Caused the Variation	p. 393
Brainstorm Ideas for Process Improvements	p. 394
Identify Greatest Impact Improvements	p. 394
Develop Proposed Process Map	p. 394
Assess the Risks	p. 395
Improve	p. 395
Gain Approval for Proposed Changes	p. 395
Finalize the Implementation Plan	p. 395
Implement the Approved Changes	p. 395
Control	p. 396
Establish Key Metrics	p. 396
Develop the Control Strategy	p. 396
Putting It All Together	p. 396
Appendices	p. 399
The Project Charter	p. 401
The Functional Process Map	p. 407
Mapping Conventions	p. 408
The Process Improvement Ranking Spreadsheet	p. 411
The Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)	p. 413
The Metric Reliability Assessment Spreadsheet	p. 419
The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) Matrix	p. 423
List of Acronyms	p. 431
Suggested Reading	p. 435
Index	p. 437
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Six Sigma Software Development, Second Edition

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