Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function

University of California, San Diego. Text for rehabilitation professionals on strength and movement. Describes the structure, function, and plasticity of the neuromuscular system.

Preface

v

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

1

(48)

Overview

1

(1)

Introduction

1

(1)

Muscle Development

1

(14)

Development of Specific Muscle Fiber Types

15

(1)

The Skeletal Muscle Cell

16

(13)

Studies of Muscle Filament and Sarcomere Structure

29

(3)

Satellite Cells: Reserves for Injury and Repair

32

(1)

Whole Skeletal Muscle Structure

32

(10)

Architecture of Human Skeletal Muscles

42

(4)

Summary

46

(3)

Skeletal Muscle Physiology

49

(62)

Overview

49

(1)

Introduction

49

(1)

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

49

(3)

Temporal Summation

52

(2)

Length-Tension Relationship: Isometric Muscle Contraction

54

(5)

Force-Velocity Relationship: Isotonic Muscle Contraction

59

(3)

Length-Tension-Velocity Relationship

62

(1)

The Cross-Bridge Cycle

63

(4)

Mechanical Properties of Muscles with Different Architectures

67

(3)

Muscle Fiber Types

70

(5)

Methods for Typing Muscle Fibers

75

(4)

α-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase---Identifying Glycolytic Potential

79

(2)

Other Muscle Fiber Classification Schemes

81

(1)

Physiologic Properties of Muscle Fiber Types

82

(3)

Morphologic Properties of Different Muscle Fiber Types

85

(3)

The Motor Unit

88

(7)

Motor Unit Recruitment

95

(1)

Voluntary Motor Unit Recruitment

95

(5)

Physiologic Basis of Fatigue

100

(5)

The Electromyogram

105

(3)

Summary

108

(3)

The Production of Movement

111

(48)

Overview

111

(1)

Introduction

111

(1)

Muscle-Tendon Interaction

112

(4)

Joint Moments

116

(6)

Muscle-Joint Interaction during Isometric Torque Production

122

(12)

Physiologic Range of Motion

134

(5)

Ioskinetic Dynamometers Used in Physical Assessment

139

(3)

The Gait Cycle

142

(7)

Biomechanics of Biarticular Muscles

149

(3)

Direct Muscle Force and Muscle Length Measurements during Gait

152

(2)

Implications for Physical Therapy

154

(3)

Summary

157

(2)

Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Increased Use

159

(51)

Overview

159

(1)

Introduction

159

(1)

Adaptation to Chronic Electrical Stimulation

159

(7)

Adaptation to Chronic Stretch

166

(9)

Adaptation to Compensatory Hypertrophy

175

(5)

Adaptation to Intermittent Electrical Stimulation

180

(15)

Adaptation to Exercise

195

(12)

Summary

207

(3)

Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Decreased Use

210

(50)

Overview

210

(1)

Introduction

210

(1)

Adaptation to Immobilization

210

(14)

Remobilization following Immobilization

224

(1)

Adaptation to Spinal Cord Transection

225

(9)

Adaptation to Hindlimb Unloading

234

(5)

Mechanism of Muscle Fiber Atrophy

239

(2)

Adaptation to Denervation

241

(7)

Muscle Fiber Specificity to Reinnervation

248

(8)

Summary

256

(4)

Skeletal Muscle Response to Injury

260

(33)

Overview

260

(1)

Introduction

260

(1)

Morphology of the Degeneration-Regeneration Cycle

261

(8)

Muscle Properties following Regeneration

269

(4)

Clinical Application to Muscular Dystrophy

273

(4)

Muscle Response to Exercise-Induced Injury

277

(14)

Summary

291

(2)

Index

293

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Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials