Slavery in the Twentieth Century The Evolution of a Global Problem

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ISBN: 9780759103405 | 0759103402
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 5/28/2003

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Well-known Africanist Suzanne Miers places modern slavery in its historical context, tracing the phenomenal development of the international anti-slavery movement over the last hundred years. She demonstrates how the problems of eradication seem greater and more intractable today than they had ever been with the expansion of slaving to include forced labor, prostitution, and the exploitation of children. Her book will be a valuable resource for readers interested in world history, slavery, human rights, race and ethnic studies, labor and the world economy, and international relations.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Abbreviations and Acronyms	p. xvii
The Rise of the British Antislavery Movement	p. 1
The Beginnings of the British Antislavery Movement	p. 1
The Outlawing of the British Slave Trade	p. 3
The Abolition of Slavery in British Colonies	p. 4
A New Form of Servitude: Indentured or Contract Labor	p. 6
The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and Universal Abolition	p. 7
Forging a Treaty Network against the Slave Trade	p. 14
The Declaration of Vienna 1815	p. 14
Building the British Treaty Network	p. 15
The Partition of Africa and the Loopholes in the Maritime Treaty Network	p. 18
The Berlin Declaration 1885	p. 19
The Brussels Act of 1890	p. 20
The Brussels Act and the Justification of Colonial Rule	p. 21
The Brussels and Zanzibar Bureaus	p. 22
The Impact of the Brussels Act	p. 23
Emancipation in Theory and Practice	p. 29
Limiting the Impact of Emancipation: The British Protectorate Model	p. 29
The British Indian Model of Emancipation	p. 30
The Concept of "Benign" Slavery and the British Definition of Slavery	p. 31
British Antislavery Policy in Africa	p. 32
Indian Model of Emancipation in British African Territories	p. 34
Emancipation in the African Territories of Other Colonial Powers	p. 38
The Slow Decline of Slavery in Africa	p. 41
From Slavery to New Forms of Exploitation	p. 47
Early Colonial Labor Problems	p. 47
Contract Labor: Britain's Dilemma over Sao Tome and Principe	p. 48
The Power of Humanitarian Agitation: Britain and the Congo Scandal	p. 51
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: Britain and the Putumayo Scandal	p. 53
New International Machinery	p. 58
The League of Nations	p. 58
The Mandates System	p. 59
The Abrogation of the Berlin and Brussels Acts in 1919	p. 61
The International Labor Organization (ILO)	p. 62
John Harris and the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society	p. 62
Ethiopia, the League of Nations, and Slavery	p. 66
The News From Ethiopia	p. 66
Harris Goes to the League of Nations	p. 72
Britain and Ethiopian Admission to the League of Nations	p. 74
The Secret Trade of the Red Sea	p. 76
Ethiopia Joins the League of Nations	p. 78
Slavery in Hijaz	p. 87
Arabia after the First World War	p. 87
Slavery in Hijaz in the early 1920s	p. 88
Britain and the Hijazi Slave Trade	p. 91
Consular Manumission	p. 94
The Temporary Slavery Commission and the Expanding Definition of Slavery	p. 100
The League of Nations Calls for Information on Slavery	p. 100
The Temporary Slavery Commission (TSC): Choosing the Experts	p. 102
The Commission Defines Its Mandate and Evaluates Its Evidence	p. 106
The Report of the Temporary Slavery Commission: Playing the Antislavery Game	p. 110
Slavery in All Its Forms: The Protection of Women and Children	p. 111
Slavery in All Its Forms: Debt-Bondage	p. 112
Slavery in All Its Forms: Forced Labor	p. 113
The Results of the Temporary Slavery Commission	p. 115
The Slavery Convention of 1926	p. 121
The British Draft Protocol against Slavery and the Slave Trade 1925	p. 121
The League of Nations Draft Convention 1925	p. 122
Humanitarian Criticism of the Draft Convention	p. 124
Protecting British Interests: The Maritime Articles of the Draft Convention	p. 125
Protecting British Interests: The Slavery and Forced Labor Articles	p. 126
Final Negotiations at the League over the Slavery Convention of 1926	p. 128
The Importance of the Slavery Convention of 1926	p. 130
The International Labor Organization and the Forced Labor Convention	p. 134
Harris, the ILO, and Forced Labor	p. 134
Forced Labor for Public Works	p. 135
Forced Labor for Private Enterprises	p. 136
Forced Crop Growing	p. 138
Communal Labor	p. 139
The Forced Recruitment of Contract Labor	p. 140
Britain and the ILO Proposal for a Forced Labor Convention	p. 141
The Colonial Powers Water Down the Convention	p. 143
The Forced Labor Convention of 1930	p. 146
Results of the Forced Labor Convention	p. 148
The League of Nations and Slavery in the British Empire	p. 152
The British Empire in the 1920s	p. 152
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Sudan	p. 153
The Final Attack on Slavery in Sierra Leone	p. 156
"Little Yellow Slaves under the Union Jack": The Sale of Mui Tsai	p. 157
Slaves or Servants in the Bechuanaland Protectorate?	p. 161
Slavery in the Aden Protectorate and Britain's Satellites on the Persian Gulf	p. 164
The Official Mind of Colonialism	p. 166
The Problems of a Moral Foreign Policy 1925-1932	p. 174
Slavery in Ethiopia	p. 174
Slavery in Saudi Arabia	p. 179
The Maritime Slave Trade	p. 183
Liberia, the League of Nations, and Practices Akin to Slavery	p. 188
The Abolition of Slavery in Nepal	p. 188
The Committee of Experts on Slavery	p. 197
The Battle to Revive the League's Slavery Commission	p. 197
Choosing the Experts	p. 199
The Anti-Slavery Society and British Policy	p. 200
Friction among the Experts, May 1932	p. 200
The Definition of Slavery	p. 207
Practices Restrictive of the Liberty of the Person	p. 208
The Establishment of a Permanent Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery	p. 209
The Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery	p. 216
The Establishment of a Permanent Slavery Committee	p. 216
Choosing the Experts	p. 217
The Rules of Procedure	p. 218
Maxwell's Strategy: Defusing Opposition by Redefining Slavery	p. 219
Maxwell's Attempts to Extract Honest British Reports	p. 221
The Committee Gets to Work	p. 224
Maxwell's Failure to Change the Rules of Procedure	p. 231
Slavery in a Changing World 1932-1939: Ethiopia	p. 239
The Deteriorating Situation 1932-1935	p. 239
Reform and the Italian Conquest	p. 244
The ACE and Italian Anti-Slavery Propaganda	p. 246
Britain's Continuing Dilemma over Slavery in Ethiopia	p. 247
Slavery in a Changing World 1932-1939: Arabia, the Red Sea, and Persian Gulf	p. 254
Saudi Arabia and the Renewal of the Treaty of Jiddah	p. 254
Breakthrough in Yemen	p. 260
The Red Sea Slave Trade and the Pilgrimage	p. 262
Britain and Slavery in the Persian Gulf	p. 263
Slavery in the Aden Protectorate	p. 267
The Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1936-1939	p. 278
Maxwell Takes the Lead	p. 278
Slavery as Reported to the ACE: Colonial Africa	p. 279
Slavery as Reported to the ACE: Burma and India	p. 282
Other Institutions as Reported to the ACE: Unfree Child Labor--Mui Tsai	p. 283
Other Institutions: Debt-Bondage Including Pawning and Peonage	p. 287
Other Institutions: Serfdom	p. 288
The Demise of the ACE	p. 289
Shortcomings in the International Antislavery Mechanisms	p. 293
The Slavery Question From 1939 to 1949	p. 300
The End of Slavery in Ethiopia	p. 300
Slavery in the Aden Protectorate	p. 304
The Slave Trade in Arabia and the Persian Gulf	p. 306
The Cold War and the Supplementary Slavery Convention of 1956	p. 317
The Struggle for a United Nations Slavery Committee 1946-1950	p. 317
Slavery, Forced Labor, and the Cold War	p. 320
The Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 1950-1951	p. 323
Drafting the Supplementary Convention of 1956	p. 326
The Results of the Supplementary Convention	p. 331
The End of Slavery in Arabia and the Persian Gulf 1950-1970	p. 339
Slavery and Oil Wealth in the Persian Gulf States in the 1950s	p. 339
Slavery and the Buraimi Conflict	p. 342
The Abolition of Slavery in Muscat and Oman	p. 345
The Abolition of Slavery in Saudi Arabia	p. 347
The Suppression of Slavery in the Aden Protectorates and Yemen	p. 350
Slavery at the United Nations 1956-1966	p. 358
The Political Background	p. 358
Slavery at the United Nations 1956-1966	p. 359
The Special Rapporteur's Inquiry	p. 361
International Politics and the Awad Report	p. 363
Awad's Recommendations	p. 364
Results of the Awad Report	p. 365
The Defeat of the Proposal for a United Nations Slavery Committee	p. 366
The Final Struggle for a United Nations Slavery Committee 1966-1974	p. 373
New Initiatives by the Anti-Slavery Society	p. 373
Slavery and the Sub-Commission	p. 376
The Appointment of Another Special Rapporteur on Slavery	p. 379
Pressure Rises in Britain: The All-Party Parliamentary Group on Slavery	p. 381
More Awad Reports 1969-1971	p. 381
A UN Working Group on Slavery Finally Established	p. 384
Conclusion: Past Efforts and Future Problems	p. 385
Epilogue: The UN Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery	p. 392
The UN Working Group on Slavery Struggles to Expand Its Role	p. 392
Governments and the Working Group	p. 400
The Growing Involvement of UN Bodies and Specialized Agencies	p. 402
The Vital Role of NGOs	p. 403
Contemporary Forms of Slavery	p. 415
The Working Group and the Definition of Slavery	p. 415
Chattel Slavery and Its "Vestiges"	p. 418
Debt-Bondage	p. 423
The Exploitation of Children	p. 425
Adult Trafficking and Forced Prostitution	p. 432
Servile Marriage, Early and Forced Marriage	p. 434
Cult or Ritual Slavery	p. 436
Forced Labor and Sweatshops	p. 436
Conclusion: The Antislavery Campaign in the Twentieth Century	p. 445
The League of Nations and Slavery	p. 445
The United Nations and Slavery to 1975	p. 449
The Achievements and Failings of the UN Working Group	p. 450
The Need for Rigorous Definitions in Conventions	p. 452
Results of the Antislavery Campaign in the Twentieth Century	p. 453
Bibliography	p. 457
Index	p. 485
About the Author	p. 505
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Slavery in the Twentieth Century The Evolution of a Global Problem

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